Dr. Craig Koniver: Peptide & Hormone Therapies for Health, Performance & Longevity

Dr. Craig Koniver (0s)

• Dr. Craig Koniver is a medical doctor who specializes in performance medicine, which involves using peptides and other therapies to improve mental health, physical health, and performance (14s).
• Peptides are small proteins that perform various roles in the brain and body, and Dr. Koniver's expertise is in using exogenous peptides to activate multiple pathways for health augmentation (46s).
• Exogenous peptides have been used for years to treat conditions like diabetes, but novel peptides like GLP-1, OIC, and Mounjaro are being used for various purposes, including weight loss and muscle gain (59s).
• Microdosing of peptides, combining peptides with other peptides and behavioral practices, and using peptides to offset muscle loss are some of the topics discussed (1m17s).
• Lesser-known peptides like BPC-157 are being used to treat inflammation, accelerate wound healing, and other purposes (1m27s).
• Peptides can also increase growth hormone secretion during sleep and rapid eye movement sleep, and some peptides can increase testosterone levels in both men and women (1m43s).
• Dr. Koniver discusses the use of supplements like co-enzyme Q10 and methylated B vitamins, but is not a huge proponent of supplements (2m7s).
• Peptide therapies sit between doing nothing, supplementation, and prescription hormone therapies, making them a growing area of interest for augmenting health (2m56s).
• Peptide therapies can augment specific hormone pathways and multiple processes in the brain and body without shutting down natural production (3m3s).
• Safety concerns, potential side effects, and the importance of sourcing clean peptides and working with a board-certified physician are critical issues discussed (3m24s).
• The FDA's current stance on prescription peptides, recently removed peptides, and the reapproval of peptides like CJC-1295, Epom, and Thymosin Beta 4 are also discussed (3m52s).

Sponsors: Joovv & BetterHelp (4m52s)

• The podcast is separate from the host's teaching and research roles at Stanford, and its purpose is to provide free information about science and science-related tools to the general public (4m53s).
• The podcast is sponsored by Joovv, which makes medical-grade red light therapy devices that have been shown to have positive effects on various aspects of cellular and organ health (5m8s).
• Red light and near-infrared light sources have been proven to improve muscle recovery, skin health, wound healing, acne, pain, inflammation, mitochondrial function, and vision (5m21s).
• Joovv's devices use clinically proven wavelengths of red light and near-infrared light to trigger optimal cellular adaptations (5m43s).
• The host personally uses Joovv's whole-body panel and handheld light, and recommends them to listeners, who can get an exclusive discount of up to $400 off Joovv products (5m51s).
• The podcast is also sponsored by BetterHelp, which offers professional therapy with licensed therapists entirely online (6m19s).
• Therapy is an essential component of overall health, providing a good rapport with a trusted person, emotional support and guidance, and expert insights to improve emotional, relationship, and professional life (6m24s).
• BetterHelp makes it easy to find an expert therapist who can provide these benefits, and offers a time-efficient and convenient online therapy experience (7m8s).
• Listeners can get 10% off their first month of BetterHelp by visiting betterhelp.com/huberman (7m28s).

What is a Peptide? (7m40s)

• Peptides are a rapidly growing area of medicine that has been around for a long time, but is gaining momentum and is expected to become increasingly popular in the years to come (8m9s).
• Many people are using peptides for specific purposes, but most people are not familiar with the various peptides available (8m19s).
• A peptide is a chain of amino acids, which are naturally occurring molecules, and is typically defined as having 40 amino acids or less, while a protein is defined as having 41 amino acids or more (8m55s).
• The body produces a massive number of peptides, estimated to be around 300,000, but only around 150 have been therapeutically used over the years (9m6s).
• The use of peptides is still in its early stages, with a lot to be learned about how to use them effectively and get the most out of them clinically (9m28s).
• GLP1 agonists are a particularly popular type of peptide that is gaining widespread attention (8m39s).

GLP-1 Agonists, Semaglutide Weight Loss, Brain Health (9m37s)

• GLP-1 agonists, such as semaglutide, were initially approved for type 2 diabetics to help with glucose control and utilization, but were later found to aid in weight loss as a side effect (9m38s).
• The weight loss aspect of GLP-1 agonists has only been recognized in the past couple of years, and semaglutide has become the number one prescribed medication in America (9m59s).
• Many medications, particularly in America, are prescribed off-label, meaning they have not been approved for their intended use, but have been approved for something else (10m39s).
• As a physician, one is allowed to prescribe any approved drug for any reason, as long as it is safe and not used in a cavalier or renegade manner (10m51s).
• Semaglutide is an example of a medication initially approved for helping type 2 diabetics lower their blood sugar, but later used to aid in weight loss for diabetics and non-diabetics alike (11m5s).
• There are two camps of opinion on GLP-1 agonists: one is bullish on the medication, while the other points to potential drawbacks such as creating a drug dependency, high cost, and the potency of lifestyle factors like exercise and caloric restriction (12m7s).
• Both camps have valid points, and GLP-1 agonists can have their place in weight loss, but lifestyle factors should also be considered as a better alternative (12m38s).
• As a clinician, the goal is to provide safe and effective treatments that help people look, feel, and perform their best, and GLP-1 agonists can be a useful tool in achieving this goal (12m45s).
• While exercise and diet are important for weight loss, they can be difficult to maintain, and medications like GLP-1 agonists can be a helpful addition to a weight loss regimen (13m2s).
• The quality of food and the role of food companies in contributing to the obesity epidemic are also important factors to consider in the context of weight loss and GLP-1 agonists (13m13s).
• People often struggle to achieve their health goals through conventional methods, but using peptide therapies like tepati semaglutide can help them lose weight first, which then motivates them to make further positive changes in their lives (13m33s).
• Losing weight can have a profound impact on a person's life, leading to increased motivation, improved workouts, and a greater overall sense of well-being (14m5s).
• The goal is not just about aesthetic change, but also about reducing the literal weight and adipose tissue, which produces hormones that can impact brain function and overall health (15m8s).
• Excess body fat can lead to brain fog and other negative effects on brain health, but reducing adipose tissue through peptide therapies can help improve brain function and overall well-being (15m29s).
• Research, such as the work of Chris Palmer and the program in metabolic psychiatry at Stanford, is helping to understand the link between adipose tissue and brain health (15m34s).
• Peptide therapies can be a safe and effective option for people looking to improve their health and well-being, and having options like this can be beneficial for those who have struggled with conventional methods (14m52s).

GLP-1 Microdoses, Muscle Loss; Inflammation (15m49s)

• GLP-1 has been criticized for causing muscle loss as part of the weight loss, but this can be remedied with resistance training and adequate protein intake (15m50s).
• Using microdoses of GLP-1, such as semaglutide or tepatitide, allows for a slower weight loss of less than 2 pounds per week, which helps prevent muscle loss (16m15s).
• Starting with low dosages and gradually increasing them has been a game-changer in preventing muscle loss and achieving sustainable weight loss (16m23s).
• Rapid weight loss can lead to a phenomenon called "OIC face," where the face loses fat and appears skeletal, but this can be avoided with slower weight loss (16m58s).
• Beyond weight loss, GLP-1 has been shown to have cognitive benefits, reduce inflammation, and improve autoimmune disease symptoms (17m13s).
• The reduction in inflammation may be a direct effect of GLP-1 on the immune system or an indirect effect of weight loss and reduced body fat (17m28s).
• Positive thoughts and feelings from weight loss and improved appearance may also contribute to the overall benefits of GLP-1 therapy (17m43s).
• A patient with Hashimoto thyroiditis experienced a reduction in thyroid antibodies and improved symptoms after starting GLP-1 therapy (17m59s).
• GLP-1 may have a positive effect on the immune system, and its benefits may be multifaceted and difficult to dissect (17m57s).

BPC-157, Inflammation (18m43s)

• BPC-157, or Body Protection Compound 157, is a peptide that is still relatively unknown to most people, despite being the second most popular peptide, with a lot of animal data but very few clinical studies on humans. (18m43s)
• BPC-157 is very anti-inflammatory, making it useful for people with chronic diseases, diabetes, heart disease, autoimmune disease, and those who work out regularly, as it helps reduce inflammation and improve recovery. (19m52s)
• The typical dosage of BPC-157 starts at 500 micrograms a day, with a protocol of 5 days on and 2 days off, and can be increased to 5,000 micrograms a day, with higher dosages having a greater impact. (20m49s)
• BPC-157 has been helpful for various conditions, including post-viral recovery, and is beneficial for people engaging in fitness-related activities, as it improves inflammatory status and aids in recovery. (20m59s)
• Unlike some antioxidants, BPC-157 does not seem to have a negative consequence on the body's natural repair process, and may even be beneficial for people who work out regularly. (21m22s)
• Part of the specific and general adaptation of exercise is triggered by inflammation, which is why cold water immersion or ice baths may limit hypertrophy and strength gains from resistance training if done within 4-8 hours after training. (21m45s)
• BPC-157 may upregulate growth hormone receptors, making it pair well with growth hormone-releasing peptides like semelin or GHRP6, allowing for a more efficient binding process and potentially requiring less of the growth hormone-releasing peptide to achieve the same result. (22m52s)

BPC-157, Injection & Oral Forms; Injury Repair (23m27s)

• BPC 157 is a gut peptide that can be administered orally or via injection, and it has been observed to have a general anti-inflammatory response, particularly in the gut (23m28s).
• Oral BPC 157 is more effective for people with gastrointestinal issues, such as inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's, ulcerative colitis, irritable bowel, and leaky gut (24m11s).
• However, injecting BPC 157 subcutaneously (under the skin) has been found to be more effective, even for gastrointestinal-related issues, and can be done using a small insulin needle (24m32s).
• Injecting BPC 157 systemically allows it to work on the entire body, not just the injection site, and can benefit all joints and connective tissues (25m11s).
• BPC 157 is believed to initiate fibroblast migration, which helps repair injured or sore connective tissues, and can somehow seek out injury sites in the body (25m22s).
• Research has shown that stem cells can also be used to initiate a recovery response, and when tagged radiographically, they can be seen to migrate to the site of injury (26m36s).
• A study found that intravenous stem cells can migrate to the site of injury, such as a broken wrist, within 24 hours (26m46s).
• The body has an innate human design and intelligence, with a complex system that allows for rapid circulation of compounds, as seen in IV therapy where vitamins can start working within seconds (27m16s).
• The speed of circulation in the human body is massively fast, with substances being able to reach the toes within seconds of being administered intravenously, as experienced by those who have received a cold saline infusion in a hospital setting (27m34s).
• Dehydration is a common issue, and proper saline infusion can make a person feel more alive and appreciate the importance of having the right amount of salt in their body (27m47s).
• BPC (BPC-157) shines in its ability to heal ligaments and tendons, which are prone to injuries such as pulls, strains, sprains, and tears, particularly where muscle connects to bone (27m58s).
• Unlike steroids, BPC can be injected directly into tendons without causing damage, and when mixed with PRP (platelet-rich plasma) or PRF (platelet-rich fibrin), it can promote healing within days (28m21s).
• BPC is considered super safe and amazing for people, with its ability to facilitate rapid healing making it a valuable compound (28m41s).

Sourcing, Anabolic Steroids, Testosterone (28m43s)

• BPC-157, also known as BBC 157, is a peptide that has been widely used, but there are concerns about its quality and safety when sourced from the gray market or internet, as it may contain contaminants. (28m44s)
• The FDA has recently banned BPC-157, and it is no longer available for prescription from a physician or compounding pharmacy. (29m8s)
• There are different sources of BPC-157, including gray market, black market, compounding pharmacies, and pharmaceutical companies, each with varying levels of quality and safety. (29m22s)
• Anabolic steroids, such as nandrolone (DECA), can be officially prescribed by a physician, but other steroids like trenbolone are only available on the black market. (29m45s)
• Testosterone and its compounds, such as cypionate and enanthate, can be prescribed by physicians for the treatment of various conditions, including hypogonadal syndromes and testosterone replacement therapy in both men and women. (30m14s)
• Nandrolone (DECA) is a generic name for a compound that has a similar effect to DHT and is often used to help with joint issues, particularly in individuals who have been on testosterone replacement therapy for a long time. (30m38s)
• Using nandrolone in combination with testosterone can be beneficial for individuals with osteoporosis or osteopenia, as it can help improve bone density and mobility. (31m28s)
• Some individuals, particularly younger males, may turn to synthetic testosterone to enhance their physical appearance or performance, but this is not necessary and can be avoided. (31m56s)
• Many individuals, particularly those in their 30s and 40s, struggle to recover from exercise, which can be addressed with certain therapies, but it's essential to approach these therapies with caution, especially when it comes to synthetic testosterones like Deca, as they can lead to a loss of fertility (32m19s).
• Testosterone therapy can be beneficial, but it's crucial to have a physician's guidance, as many people start using testosterone at a young age, often based on advice from non-medical sources, such as trainers or gym acquaintances (33m1s).
• Starting testosterone therapy at a young age can have severe consequences, such as infertility, as seen in a 25-year-old patient who had zero sperm count after years of using testosterone and growth hormone (33m20s).
• This patient had been using these substances to enhance his physical performance, but eventually, he realized the repercussions of his actions and sought medical help to rebuild his system (33m51s).
• To address the issue of low sperm count or poor sperm quality caused by testosterone therapy, physicians can use various agents, such as clomiphene, HCG, and certain peptides, to help rebuild the system (34m7s).
• Having a knowledgeable physician is essential when it comes to peptide therapy, as it can be challenging for individuals to find reliable information, and some may experience adverse reactions to research-type peptides that are not intended for human consumption (34m20s).
• It's crucial to be cautious and selective when choosing peptide therapies, as some companies may not provide safe or suitable products for human use (34m44s).

Black & Gray Market, Compounding Pharmacies, Purity (34m48s)

• The black market issue with testosterone has led to a discussion about the dark gray market, where companies sell peptides and other substances for "research purposes only" despite not being intended for human or animal consumption, and these compounds often have unestablished potency and purity, with some containing inflammatory LPS (34m50s).
• Some individuals have experienced serious, life-threatening consequences from using these black and dark gray market peptides (35m38s).
• In October 2023, the FDA placed many peptides, including BPC, on a category 2 list, meaning they can no longer be compounded by pharmacies, excluding research companies not under FDA purview (35m45s).
• Compounding pharmacies are distinct from black and dark gray market sources, as they can establish purity, are designed for human injection, and have a higher standard, being regulated by the FDA and state Boards of Pharmacy (36m9s).
• Compounding pharmacies are inspected and monitored regularly, and some are more reliable than others, with the better ones prioritizing purity, processing, and testing by outside labs to ensure safety and quality (36m30s).
• The advantage of compounding pharmacies is that they can create customized dosages and combinations of substances, such as the unique combination of tepati and saralin, which can address muscle loss and stimulate growth hormone release (37m42s).
• Compounding pharmacies are highly regulated, and physicians who work with them can provide access to treatments that conventional pharmacies and pharmaceuticals cannot (38m3s).

Sponsor: AG1 (38m20s)

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• The drink is beneficial for individuals who struggle to get enough fruits, vegetables, vitamins, minerals, micronutrients, and adaptogens from food alone, despite eating whole and minimally processed foods (38m52s).
• Taking AG1 daily can improve various aspects of health, including physical health, mental health, and performance, both cognitive and physical (39m8s).
• The drink can help increase energy levels, improve sleep quality, and keep the immune system strong (39m2s).
• AG1 can also enhance mental clarity and mental energy due to its relationship with the gut microbiome and the brain (39m21s).
• To try AG1, individuals can visit drinkAG1.com/huberman to claim a special offer, which currently includes five free travel packs and a year's supply of vitamin D3 K2 (39m34s).

Partnering with a Physician, LPS (39m51s)

• When exploring the use of peptides for performance medicine, mental, physical health, and performance, it is recommended to only use peptides obtained from a physician who has sourced them from a compounding pharmacy, and to develop a relationship with the physician to ensure proper use and minimize risks (39m51s).
• A physician will typically meet with the patient, ensure they are a good fit for the treatment, check for contraindications, and recommend a specific peptide regimen based on the patient's life experience, medications, and medical conditions (40m17s).
• Self-administering peptides without medical guidance can be risky, and having the help of an experienced physician can go a long way in ensuring safe and effective treatment (40m49s).
• Buying peptides from gray or black market sources can be particularly hazardous, as these products may contain endotoxins like lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which can cause cumulative inflammation and potentially severe reactions over time (41m6s).
• LPS can build up an inflammatory response over time, and the tipping point for a severe reaction can be unpredictable, making it essential to source peptides from reputable suppliers (41m32s).
• Even seemingly harmless supplements or compounds can have severe side effects if not used under medical guidance, as illustrated by a case where a patient experienced severe headaches and high blood pressure after taking a weight loss compound recommended by a TV doctor (41m43s).
• Having access to a physician who can provide guidance and help mitigate potential risks is crucial when using peptides or other performance-enhancing tools (42m16s).
• A physician's experience and ability to help patients when things don't go as planned can be invaluable, especially when working with powerful tools like peptides (42m27s).
• Developing a relationship with a physician who has extensive experience in the field can help patients navigate the complexities of peptide therapy and ensure safe and effective treatment (42m44s).

BPC-157, Pentadeca Arginate (PDA); Side Effects & Doses (43m0s)

• BPC-157 has been effectively removed from the legitimate market, prompting the search for alternatives, with one option being Pentadeca Arginate (PDA), a newer peptide with a similar molecular structure to BPC-157, but with an acetate swapped for arginate, one amino acid substitution (43m3s).
• PDA has shown promising results, with patients reporting decreased inflammation and other benefits similar to those seen with BPC-157, although it is still early in its use (43m40s).
• The development of PDA and other peptides is an ongoing process, with researchers attempting to create new amino acid combinations that mimic the actions of existing peptides like BPC-157, Thymosin, and TB-500 (44m4s).
• Some individuals, including those working at high levels of the US government, are aware of the FDA's actions and are concerned about the impact on peptide use and development (44m25s).
• The FDA's motivations for removing BPC-157 from the market are unclear, but the move has caused a significant setback for those using peptides (44m40s).
• As sources of BPC-157 dry up, there is a risk that people may turn to the black market, highlighting the need for a safe and effective alternative like PDA (45m0s).
• PDA may be a suitable substitution for BPC-157, with a recommended starting dose of 250-500 micrograms injected daily, Monday through Friday (45m25s).
• No significant side effects have been reported for PDA or BPC-157, making them relatively safe options (45m43s).
• BPC-157 was previously used intravenously, with patients reporting significant benefits, but PDA is currently being used subcutaneously, which may provide a longer-lasting effect (45m50s).
• The use of both intravenous and subcutaneous doses may be beneficial in initiating and sustaining an anti-inflammatory response (46m26s).

Ipamorelin, GHRP-6, Sleep, Appetite; Tool: Sleep & Growth Hormone (46m35s)

• Peptides can be used to influence hormone systems without directly manipulating hormones, which can lead to negative feedback and the shutdown of natural production (46m35s).
• The advantage of using peptides is that they can stimulate natural hormone production without overwhelming the body with external hormones, which can occur with hormone replacement therapies (47m18s).
• Testosterone is an example of a hormone that can be influenced by peptides, and using peptides can help avoid the negative feedback associated with direct testosterone manipulation (47m22s).
• Growth hormone is another example of a hormone that can be influenced by peptides, such as eper marelin, a growth hormone-releasing peptide that stimulates the pituitary gland to release growth hormone (48m15s).
• Eper marelin works by stimulating the pituitary gland to release growth hormone, which then travels to the liver to produce insulin-like growth factor one, a protein that promotes growth, healing, and mending (48m21s).
• As people age, they naturally produce less growth hormone, which can contribute to degenerative conditions, and using peptides like eper marelin can help stimulate growth hormone production (48m39s).
• The timing of peptide administration can be important, and injecting peptides like eper marelin at bedtime can help stimulate growth hormone production during the body's natural peak production period, which is typically between 10 p.m. and 2 a.m. (49m4s).
• Getting adequate sleep, particularly before midnight, is important for growth hormone production, and the idea that every hour of sleep before midnight is worth two hours of sleep after midnight may be related to the body's natural growth hormone production cycle (49m17s).
• Injecting peptides like eper marelin at bedtime can help stimulate growth hormone production and promote growth, healing, and mending, and may be associated with temporary side effects like flushing and tingling (49m42s).
• The dosage of velin and most growth hormone-releasing peptides should be 100 micrograms, as that is the maximum dose to bind the receptor, and exceeding this dose can lead to side effects such as anaphylaxis. (49m54s)
• Using side effects as an indicator of whether or not something is working is not a good idea, as it can lead to negative consequences, such as a circulation system collapsing. (50m35s)
• The use of peptides can be very individualized, and what works for one person may not work for another, which is why it's helpful to work with a physician who has experience with peptides. (51m26s)
• Growth hormone-releasing peptides, such as ipamorelin, can be very clean and have no real side effects as long as the dose is 100 micrograms or less, and can help people lean out and sleep better. (51m35s)
• Ipamorelin is the most specific for the growth hormone receptor but the weakest, and when injected, it will only release growth hormone, making it a good option for those who want to avoid other side effects. (52m1s)
• Growth hormone-releasing peptide 6 (GHRP6) is a different option that can bind to other receptors, such as prolactin and ACTH, which can lead to increased cortisol and hunger, but can be beneficial for those looking to put on mass or get strong. (51m56s)
• GHRP6 can increase appetite and help with muscle building when combined with resistance training and sufficient protein, but it's essential to understand how to use it and its potential side effects. (52m25s)
• Different peptides have different effects and individual responses, which can be beneficial for most people, particularly those interested in growth hormone secretagogues (GHS) for better sleep and overall feelings of vitality (53m3s).
• Many individuals, both men and women, seek to be strong without being big and prefer to be lean, which is considered a great goal (53m25s).
• The goal of being strong and capable while maintaining cardiovascular fitness without being large is a common aspiration, and certain peptides can help achieve this (53m47s).
• GHRP6 can spike appetite, which may be useful for some people, but most individuals will want to avoid it (53m59s).
• Ipamorelin (also known as Epom Morelan) at a dosage of 100 micrograms or less per injection sounds like an interesting tool for those seeking to achieve their health and fitness goals (54m11s).

Tesamorelin, Sermorelin, CJC-1295; Stacking Peptides (54m17s)

• Growth hormone secretagogues are peptides that stimulate the release of endogenous growth hormone, and examples include Tesamorelin, Sermorelin, and CJC-1295, with Tesamorelin being similar to Sermorelin but working higher up in the chain of hormone release (54m17s).
• Tesamorelin has been FDA-approved for visceral fat reduction, particularly in HIV patients with lipodystrophy, and has been observed to work better in females than males, leading to enhanced sleep (55m30s).
• Growth hormone releasing peptides, such as Tesamorelin and Sermorelin, can improve sleep, skin tone, and texture, and increase resilience and durability, making them beneficial for individuals with durability issues (56m3s).
• These peptides are typically taken before sleep, with no food consumed within 45 minutes of injection, and can be stacked with other peptides at lower dosages to achieve desired effects (56m32s).
• Stacking peptides, such as combining Tesamorelin, Sermorelin, and BPC-157, can lead to subcutaneous fat reduction, visceral fat reduction, and upregulation of the growth hormone receptor, resulting in improved overall health and durability (56m52s).
• The combination of Tesamorelin, Sermorelin, and BPC-157 has been labeled as a "fat loss peptide" but also leads to lean muscle mass gain, improved sleep, and enhanced thought process (57m8s).
• Due to the FDA's removal of CJC-1295, alternative peptides like Pentapeptide can be used instead, and stacking these peptides can be done with the help of a compounding pharmacy, allowing for a single daily injection (57m41s).
• The typical dosing cycle for these peptides is 5 days on, 2 days off, taken at bedtime, which is based on traditional growth hormone dosing cycles, and taking breaks from supplements can help maintain potency (58m0s).

Sponsor: Function & Eight Sleep (58m45s)

• Function is a comprehensive lab testing program that analyzes over 100 biomarkers key to physical and mental health, including blood, urine, and saliva tests, and provides insights from top doctors on the results (58m46s).
• The program helped detect high levels of mercury in the blood and provided medical doctor-informed insights on how to reduce those levels, including limiting tuna consumption, eating more leafy greens, and supplementing with Knack and acetal cysteine (59m23s).
• Comprehensive lab testing like this is important for health, and Function has made it easier and more actionable (59m53s).
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Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), Mitochondrial Health (1h1m54s)

• Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is taken in a dosage of 200 milligrams per day in the morning for general mitochondrial health (1h2m2s).
• Mitochondria are the batteries of cells, responsible for making ATP (chemical energy) through various processes, including glycolysis, the Kreb cycle, and the electron transport chain (1h2m24s).
• The electron transport chain involves five different hubs or cytochromes, where electrons are exchanged for protons to produce ATP, with different nutrients supporting each hub (1h3m12s).
• The five cytochromes and their corresponding nutrients are: cytochrome 1 (NAD), cytochrome 2 (riboflavin and vitamin B2, succinic acid), cytochrome 3 (CoQ10, vitamin K2), cytochrome 4 (methylene blue), and cytochrome 5 (magnesium, vitamin A, copper) (1h3m41s).
• Taking CoQ10 can facilitate electron flow at cytochrome 3 and help alleviate traffic jams in the electron transport chain, which can occur at different cytochromes in different individuals (1h4m39s).
• CoQ10 has been studied and found to be safe up to 2400 milligrams per day, with no harmful effects reported (1h5m2s).
• In some cases, taking CoQ10 can have dramatic effects, such as reducing migraine headaches to zero (1h5m10s).

Prescriptions, Physicians & Trust (1h5m16s)

• Most prescribed drugs in the country are used off-label, meaning they are prescribed for purposes other than what they were originally approved for in clinical trials (1h5m16s).
• This is a common practice, as doctors often learn through clinical use and experience that certain drugs can be effective for a variety of conditions beyond their original intended use (1h6m2s).
• For example, antibiotics like doxycycline are often prescribed for a range of bacterial infections beyond what they were initially approved for (1h6m12s).
• This off-label use can sometimes lead to new discoveries and uses for existing drugs, such as the case with semaglutide, which was originally approved for helping glucose utilization in patients with type 2 diabetes but was found to also aid in weight loss (1h6m41s).
• Repurposing existing drugs for new uses is a common practice, especially in cancer therapies, where sophisticated oncologists may use drugs like doxycycline, metformin, and mebendazole to help treat cancer (1h7m1s).
• The field of medicine is often siloed, but public education efforts can help physicians learn from each other and discover new uses for existing drugs (1h7m43s).
• Pharmaceutical companies are also interested in finding new uses for already approved drugs, as the research and development process for new drugs is incredibly expensive (1h8m4s).
• Companies may market existing drugs for new purposes, as seen with the case of semaglutide, which was rebranded as a weight loss medication after its off-label use for this purpose became widespread (1h8m35s).
• Many physicians struggle with the current paradigm of treating chronic diseases, which is not yielding significant improvements in conditions such as heart disease, cancer, autoimmune disease, and neurodegenerative diseases, despite high healthcare spending (1h8m47s).
• The traditional Family Medicine practice model focuses on treating symptoms rather than addressing the root causes of illness, often relying on prescriptions as a solution (1h9m15s).
• A more effective approach involves helping patients feel better first, which can be achieved through nutritional IVs and other alternative therapies (1h9m34s).
• The COVID-19 pandemic led to a loss of trust in physicians and the medical system, but also created an opportunity for people to take their health more seriously and seek out reliable sources of information (1h9m52s).
• The paternalistic model of medicine, where physicians dictate treatment without fully listening to patients, can be a barrier to trust and effective care (1h10m59s).
• A study found that over 30% of prescriptions written by physicians were unnecessary, highlighting the need for a more patient-centered approach (1h11m20s).
• Building trust with patients is crucial for successful treatment, and alternative therapies such as peptide and hormone therapies can be valuable tools in achieving this goal (1h12m17s).
• The traditional model of medicine often involves getting a diagnosis and writing a prescription, but this approach may not always be effective, and sometimes people just need help feeling better (1h12m32s).
• The pandemic has highlighted the importance of taking care of oneself, and people need to value themselves enough to make healthy choices, such as losing weight, which requires discipline and the right support system (1h12m50s).
• The inability to lose weight is often linked to a lack of self-value, leading people to make unhealthy choices, such as emotional eating, and failing to prioritize self-care, including exercise and healthy eating (1h12m53s).
• Having the right people to trust and support is crucial for making positive changes in life, and this is where community and relationships play a vital role (1h13m15s).
• The podcast was created during the pandemic to address the growing anxiety and disrupted circadian rhythms that people were experiencing, and to share knowledge on health and wellness (1h13m21s).
• Research has shown the importance of morning sunlight and other health tools, but seeing colleagues get sick and die prematurely motivated the creation of the podcast to share science and health tools with others (1h13m46s).
• The goal is to help people avoid burnout and premature aging, and to share knowledge and tools to promote overall health and wellness (1h13m59s).

Agency in Your Health (1h14m9s)

• The pandemic and post-pandemic years have drawn people's attention to the importance of taking agency into their own health, recognizing that no single pill, potion, or injection can replace good behaviors, but rather augment them (1h14m27s).
• Personal responsibility is key to achieving a calmer mind and a healthier body, and no one can do it for an individual (1h14m49s).
• The new status symbol among the wealthy is no longer boasting about material possessions, but rather about their health, vitality, and longevity (1h14m57s).
• Taking great care of one's body and mind does not require a lot of funds, but rather a commitment to making healthy choices (1h15m13s).
• The constant stress of trying to keep up with additive messages from social media, podcasts, and influencers can be cumulative and overwhelming (1h15m42s).
• Finding opportunities to surrender and trust others to guide you can help take off the pressure and create space for active rest and flow (1h15m59s).
• Creating space for active rest and flow is essential, as it allows individuals to be in a state where things click, and helping people achieve this state is valuable (1h16m27s).
• The approach to health and wellness should not be about stacking more and more behaviors, but rather about finding what works for each individual and using tools as needed (1h16m45s).
• Sleep, exercise, nutrition, and great social connection are all key components of a healthy lifestyle, and most people agree on their importance (1h17m4s).

MK-677, Appetite (1h17m13s)

• MK-677 is a peptide that stimulates appetite, similar to GHRP6, but is absorbed well orally, making it a more convenient option for some users (1h17m45s).
• MK-677 can also stimulate cortisol and prolactin, which may not be suitable for most people, but can be beneficial in certain niche cases (1h18m2s).
• One example of a beneficial use case for MK-677 is for individuals who have difficulty gaining muscle mass, particularly as they age (1h18m11s).
• A client in their early 60s, who was already on testosterone and following a healthy lifestyle, was able to use MK-677 to increase their appetite and gain muscle mass (1h18m12s).
• MK-677 was previously available on the compound list but was removed by the FDA, however, it can still be taken orally, which removes the need for injections (1h18m33s).
• Taking MK-677 orally can increase appetite, which can be beneficial for people as they age and struggle to maintain healthy muscle mass (1h18m48s).
• It is recommended to avoid taking MK-677 before bedtime, as it can stimulate appetite and disrupt sleep patterns (1h19m1s).
• The peptide can cause intense hunger, similar to puberty, and users should be prepared to eat soon after taking it (1h19m10s).

Hexarelin; Growth Hormone Secretagogues Dosing (1h19m32s)

• Hexarelin is a growth hormone secretagogue that does not stimulate appetite, making it a preferred option for both male and female patients who do not want to increase their appetite (1h19m33s).
• Hexarelin is considered an energy and endurance growth hormone-releasing peptide, suitable for morning use, providing a clean energy boost without the jittery effects of caffeine (1h19m56s).
• It is beneficial for individuals involved in endurance-type athletics or competitions, offering a great choice for those who need a boost without increased appetite (1h20m15s).
• Hexarelin can be taken in the morning to stimulate an additional growth hormone release, which can be beneficial for overall health and performance (1h20m23s).
• Historically, hexarelin was compounded with CJC 1295 to engage other pathways, but CJC 1295 is no longer available due to FDA regulations (1h20m31s).
• The typical prescribed dosage of hexarelin is 100 micrograms, similar to other growth hormone secretagogues like ipamorelin and GHRP6 (1h20m44s).
• In contrast, the ideal dosage for tesamorelin is 2 milligrams (2,000 micrograms) per dose, while semorelin has a broad dosing range of 200 micrograms to 3,000 micrograms, depending on individual goals (1h20m53s).

Methylated B Vitamins, Homocysteine (1h21m10s)

• Methylated B vitamins are becoming increasingly popular due to their role in methylation and the benefits they provide, with some people discussing the MTHFR snip in relation to these vitamins (1h21m39s).
• A snip, or single nucleotide polymorphism, refers to a genetic variation that can affect how easily certain processes occur in the body, and individuals can be homozygous or heterozygous for the MTHFR snip (1h22m0s).
• Homocysteine is a lab marker used to assess cardiovascular risk profile, and elevated levels (above 7 or 9, depending on the lab) indicate an increased risk of cardiovascular events such as heart attacks or strokes (1h22m28s).
• Taking ample methylated B vitamins, such as methyl B12, methyl folate, trimethyl glycine, and methionine, can help lower homocysteine levels and reduce cardiovascular risk (1h22m55s).
• Methylated B vitamins are recommended over regular B vitamins, as they can overcome genetic variations such as the MTHFR snip and provide more effective methylation (1h23m22s).
• Methylated B vitamins can be taken in the morning or afternoon, and some people may find that taking them in the afternoon helps alleviate the 3 P.M. slump (1h23m57s).
• Caffeine consumption should be avoided too late in the day, as it can disrupt sleep patterns, but some people may find that a small amount of coffee in the afternoon is beneficial (1h24m13s).

Peptides for Sleep, Pinealon, Epitalon (1h24m47s)

• Pinoline, an injectable peptide, has been found to significantly improve the amount of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, with some users experiencing a doubling of REM sleep time, from around 1-1.5 hours to 2-3 hours per night (1h24m47s).
• The combination of pinoline with glycine has been particularly effective in enhancing sleep quality, with glycine being a compound that works well when injected (1h25m16s).
• High-intensity exercise and taking cold plunges early in the day can improve slow-wave deep sleep, but pinoline has been found to specifically target and increase REM sleep (1h25m41s).
• The pineal gland, which produces melatonin, is also involved in other functions, including regeneration and stimulation, and may play a role in circadian rhythm and DNA repair (1h26m50s).
• Epitalon, a Russian peptide, was previously used in combination with pinoline to enhance circadian rhythm and DNA repair, but it is no longer available due to FDA restrictions (1h27m23s).
• Pinoline has been found to be a profound and effective peptide, despite being one of the smallest, and its effects on sleep quality have been consistently positive across various users (1h27m21s).
• The pineal gland is believed to produce other substances besides melatonin, and its functions are not yet fully understood, but it is thought to play a role in circadian rhythm and overall health (1h28m10s).
• Sleep quality has a significant impact on daily life, and lack of REM sleep can lead to various mental health issues, including depression, and can also affect neuroplasticity and the removal of emotional labels from memories (1h28m22s).
• Pinealon has been found to improve sleep quality, and its effects can be seen even on nights when it is not taken, suggesting that it may provide regeneration of the pinealocytes that produce melatonin (1h30m3s).
• A recently FDA-approved sleep drug called Quviviq (Doras) works by suppressing the wakefulness system to increase REM sleep, but it has been reported to have negative side effects and is extremely expensive (1h29m25s).
• Pinealon has been found to be safe and effective in improving sleep quality, with no reported negative side effects, and its effects can be uniform across individuals, although the response time may vary (1h30m50s).
• A healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet, regular exercise, and positive thought patterns, can contribute to the effectiveness of Pinealon in improving sleep quality (1h30m27s).
• Pinealon's potential for regeneration of the pinealocytes that produce melatonin suggests that it could be used as a pulsing therapy to improve sleep quality over time (1h30m17s).

Glycine, Liver Detoxification; Dosage (1h31m3s)

• Glycine is used as an inhibitory neurotransmitter to help people settle down at night and transition to sleep, with typical dosages starting at 3,000 to 5,000 milligrams orally, and can be increased as needed (1h31m7s).
• Glycine also works on Phase 2 liver detoxification, specifically amino acid conjugation, which helps the liver work better in a world where people are exposed to various toxins, such as glyphosate and heavy metals (1h31m41s).
• Heavy metal toxicity is a prevalent issue, with exposure coming from various sources, including airplanes, water, soil, and chemicals like glyphosate, making it challenging for humans to cope (1h32m27s).
• The liver plays a crucial role in taking fat-soluble substances and making them water-soluble for excretion, a process that occurs in two phases: Phase 1 using p450 enzymes and Phase 2 using amino acid conjugation (1h32m46s).
• Few things in nature induce Phase 2 independently of Phase 1, but polyphenols, such as those found in colorful foods, matcha tea, and glutathione, can help with this process (1h33m1s).
• Glycine is a wonderful agent for inducing Phase 2 independently of Phase 1, and it is often used to help mitigate liver toxicity (1h33m38s).
• A common misconception is that inducing Phase 1 enzymes is enough, but inducing one phase can induce the entire p450 system, leading to more toxins being processed and potentially causing problems (1h33m48s).
• The body has a process to remove metabolic debris, which can be sped up by phase two, allowing the body to excrete compounds through stool, urine, sweat, and breath (1h34m21s).
• Glycine is an amino acid that can be taken orally and is absorbed well, with a sweet taste, and is often used in large dosages, starting at 3-5 grams at bedtime (1h34m57s).
• Taking glycine orally can help with sleep and detoxification, as it tones down the nervous system, allowing for better sleep and more efficient liver function (1h35m12s).
• Magnesium, apigenin, and other supplements can also be used to support detoxification and overall health (1h35m44s).
• Pinealon is a peptide that can be used to support detoxification, but it is typically administered via injection, although there are oral forms available, such as bioregulator peptides developed by Russian scientist Vladimir Khavinson (1h36m3s).
• However, the oral form of pinealon may be harder to find and more difficult to verify its authenticity, and it is essential to work with a physician and a compounding pharmacy to ensure the legitimacy of any supplement (1h36m36s).
• It is crucial to be cautious when purchasing supplements online, as some products may be counterfeit or contain incorrect ingredients, and it is essential to research and verify the authenticity of any product before consumption (1h37m4s).

GLP-1, Compounding Pharmacies (1h37m19s)

• Pharmaceutical companies are unlikely to pull FDA-approved drugs like Epomelan, Celin, and GLP-1 agonists from the market, as they are blockbuster products generating significant revenue (1h37m19s).
• GLP-1 agonists, in particular, have been highly profitable, but there is a concerning aspect related to their compounding, which has made them more affordable (1h37m40s).
• Compounding pharmacies have been able to compound GLP-1 agonists due to a shortage, as the patent is for the delivery system (the pen) rather than the peptide itself (1h37m54s).
• The ability to compound GLP-1 agonists has made them more affordable, but there are rumors that pharmaceutical companies may regain supply and remove the ability to compound these peptides (1h38m16s).
• If compounding is no longer allowed, people may lose access to GLP-1 agonists due to their high cost, with prices reaching up to $1,500 per month, which is unaffordable for many individuals (1h38m32s).
• The potential loss of access to compounded GLP-1 agonists would be a significant setback, but alternative routes may be explored if this scenario occurs (1h38m59s).

Stem Cell Therapy, PRP (1h39m3s)

• Stem cell therapies are not entirely unapproved in the US; however, the term "stem cell" can be misleading, and using "autologous cell" or PRP (platelet-rich plasma) is more accurate, as it refers to taking a patient's own cells and giving them back within four hours, which is allowed under FDA guidelines (1h39m11s).
• The FDA allows the use of autologous cells, such as PRP, as long as the cells are taken from the patient and given back within four hours (1h39m29s).
• A clinic in Florida was involved in a scandal where patients went blind after receiving stem cell injections for macular degeneration, causing a significant setback to the field of stem cell therapy (1h39m40s).
• The field of gene therapy was also set back by about 10 years after a patient died following gene therapy treatment, highlighting the conservative approach the US takes to approving new therapeutics (1h40m3s).
• There have been cases of doctors injecting stem cells into patients' discs, resulting in discitis, an infection that can spiral quickly, emphasizing the need for reasonable and cautious approaches to stem cell therapy (1h40m34s).
• Autologous cell therapies, such as PRP, PRF (platelet-rich fibrin), and exosome therapy, show promise as biologics for rejuvenation, with positive results seen in patients, as long as the treatments are performed within FDA guidelines (1h40m50s).
• Thymosin Alpha One has been mentioned as part of the clinical data supporting the use of these therapies (1h41m14s).

Thymosin Alpha-1, Cerebrolysin & Brain Health (1h41m18s)

• Thymosin Alpha-1 was previously used for immune modulation, particularly for autoimmune diseases such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, celiac disease, and type 1 diabetes, as well as for post-viral infections and long COVID, with a typical dosage of 5,000 micrograms per day, sometimes administered intravenously (1h41m36s).
• Thymosin Alpha-1 was used to tone down an overactive immune response in autoimmune diseases and to dial up the immune response in post-viral infections (1h41m44s).
• Unfortunately, Thymosin Alpha-1 is no longer available due to FDA actions (1h42m24s).
• Cerebrolysin is a compound that has been used for decades in Europe for post-stroke and post-traumatic brain injury treatment, and is available in the US, unlike some other peptides (1h42m42s).
• Cerebrolysin can be administered intravenously or subcutaneously, but some people may experience a day or two of feeling down and out after treatment, which can be a drawback (1h43m17s).
• Cerebrolysin is a cocktail of brain-derived neurotrophic factors, including brain-derived neutrophic factor, and is believed to increase BDNF levels, which is beneficial for brain health (1h43m45s).
• Another peptide, Dihexa, was also removed by the FDA, but was supposedly the most potent way to increase brain-derived neurotrophic factor (1h44m1s).
• Cerebrolysin is still available and has been used in some clinics, including one in London, to treat brain health issues (1h42m56s).

Peptides for Cognitive Function, Methylene Blue, Doses (1h44m17s)

• Methylene blue is a substance that has been gaining favor in recent years for its potential benefits in maintaining or boosting cognitive function, and it is also being used to treat COVID-19 symptoms (1h44m18s).
• Methylene blue is not a new substance, as it was the first pharmaceutical ever prescribed in the United States in the late 1800s, and it has traditionally been used to treat carbon monoxide poisoning (1h45m1s).
• The substance works by binding to cytochrome C oxidase in the mitochondrial membrane, and it is also being used as a performance-enhancing drug in endurance sports due to its ability to increase oxygenation (1h45m42s).
• Methylene blue is very well absorbed orally, and it can be taken in larger doses orally than intravenously, although high doses or rapid administration intravenously can cause vein spasms and discomfort (1h46m45s).
• A recommended dose of methylene blue is 10 milligrams taken in the morning, and it has been reported to have cognitive stimulant effects, improving brain function, recall, and memory (1h47m8s).
• Methylene blue can cause temporary blue discoloration of the tongue, but it is not a permanent effect (1h44m54s).
• The substance is not currently on the banned list for athletes, but it is always recommended to check with the local governing body before using it (1h46m12s).
• Methylene blue is a compound that can be used for cognitive enhancement, and it is often combined with other substances in a cocktail version, with a recommended dosage of 10 milligrams taken on an empty stomach in the morning (1h47m28s).
• Methylene blue can turn urine green or blue for about 24 hours, but if it doesn't, it may indicate a problem with the mitochondria, as it should spill over into the bloodstream and be filtered into the urine (1h47m47s).
• The compound can increase oxygen delivery to the blood cells by allowing hemoglobin to pick up more oxygen, and it also has a mild MAOI inhibitor effect, which allows serotonin to work longer in the synaptic cleft (1h48m25s).
• Methylene blue has cognitive enhancement effects, and it also seems to have antiviral properties, possibly due to its effect on mitochondria efficiency (1h48m56s).
• Methylene blue is a prescription drug, but there are now over-the-counter supplement options available, and it can be purchased online (1h49m10s).
• Taking liquid methylene blue can temporarily turn the mouth blue, and high doses can cause gums, teeth, and lips to turn blue for about an hour or two (1h49m25s).
• Methylene blue can be taken daily, but it is recommended to take it about three times a week, as it is a long-acting compound, and it can be used as an "insurance policy" for the mitochondria (1h49m56s).

Covid, NAD Infusion, NMN & NR Supplements (1h50m20s)

• A patient experienced a rapid recovery from COVID-19 symptoms after receiving an NAD infusion, with their COVID test results changing from a strong positive to negative within a day (1h50m23s).
• The patient's symptoms improved significantly, from a 6 out of 10 to a 2 out of 10, within 48 hours of the infusion, and they were fully recovered within another 48 hours (1h51m48s).
• The patient's experience suggests that NAD may have a global anti-inflammatory effect, although correlation does not necessarily imply causation (1h52m25s).
• NAD has been used clinically for a long time, and its effects have been observed in many patients, with some experiencing transformational improvements in their health and well-being (1h53m2s).
• The dosage of 750 milligrams of NAD used in the infusion is a protocol that was developed and widely adopted, and it has been shown to be effective in many cases (1h53m14s).
• NAD's mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it is believed to have a profound impact on the body's energy metabolism and overall health (1h53m58s).
• Thousands of patients have been treated with NAD, and it has been observed to have a dramatic impact on their symptoms and overall health, with many experiencing rapid improvements in their well-being (1h54m12s).
• Thousands of people have been treated with various agents, but the work of NAD has been particularly impressive, especially in the setting of COVID and other viral infections (1h54m14s).
• Taking sublingual NMN daily has resulted in rapid hair growth and nail growth, although this is based on personal experience and not a controlled study (1h54m25s).
• NAD has been used to treat patients with chronic Epstein Barr virus, resulting in significant improvements in fatigue and depression, with some patients experiencing transformational changes within a week (1h56m14s).
• The biochemistry of NAD is not fully understood, and its effects on the body may extend beyond the mitochondrial effects, with some research suggesting that NR can reduce inflammation (1h55m36s).
• NR is a supplement that is similar to NAD, but with a phosphate group removed, and has been shown to have some benefits, although it is more expensive than NMN (1h55m4s).
• Charles Brenner, an expert in the NAD pathway, has encouraged the use of NR supplements, which have been shown to have some benefits in human clinical studies (1h54m54s).
• The use of NAD infusions, or "NAD drips," has been pioneered and has resulted in transformational experiences for some patients, although the exact mechanisms of its effects are not fully understood (1h56m1s).
• The NAD/NADH ratio is thought to play a role in the effects of NAD, with increased NAD fueling the mitochondria and potentially having other effects on the body (1h56m59s).

Nutritional Deficiencies; NAD Dose & Regimen, NMN & NR (1h57m13s)

• Research has shown that vitamin deficiencies, particularly in B vitamins, can be associated with depression, and supplementing these deficiencies can lead to remission of depressive symptoms in some patients (1h57m46s).
• Depression is a broad description of symptoms, and it is unlikely that all depression is caused by a single vitamin deficiency, but rather it may be related to various nutritional deficiencies (1h58m45s).
• NAD has been found to have transformative effects and can raise the tide on various biological processes, potentially kicking off mitochondrial or cellular pathways that fill in desperately needed blanks (1h59m15s).
• NAD infusions can be costly, ranging from $500 to $1,000 or more, but for healthy patients, a loading dose of 750 milligrams intravenous NAD has been found to be effective (1h59m59s).
• The original NAD infusion protocol from the 1990s, used for substance abuse, involved 10 straight days of intravenous NAD at a dose of 3,000 milligrams, which took 6 to 8 hours per infusion (2h0m22s).
• In contrast, administering 500 milligrams of NAD over 45 minutes can be uncomfortable, and some people may need to take anti-nausea medication (2h0m31s).
• A gentleman in Louisiana with a pain medicine addiction went to Mexico in 2006 and received the NAD protocol, which changed his life, and he later licensed the use of the only injectable NAD product from a South African company and brought it to the United States. (2h0m37s)
• The original NAD protocol required 6-10 hours in the office, but a more efficient dosage of 750 milligrams was found to be effective, allowing patients to experience benefits in just 1-2 hours. (2h1m14s)
• The benefits of NAD treatment include improved brain function, increased creativity, elevated mood, better sleep, and increased energy, with around 95% of people experiencing these benefits after a loading dose. (2h1m56s)
• The treatment was initially administered over 10 straight days, but it was found that five treatments in 10 days were more effective and easier for patients to manage. (2h1m48s)
• A once-a-month maintenance dose of NAD was introduced after patients reported feeling less good 3-4 weeks after the initial loading dose, and this is still the recommended maintenance schedule. (2h2m31s)
• Some patients may require more or less frequent maintenance doses, ranging from once a week to quarterly, but on average, once a month seems to work well for most people. (2h2m49s)
• During the pandemic, subcutaneous administration of NAD was introduced, with a dosage of 100 milligrams, 5 days on and 2 days off, which has been effective and well-tolerated. (2h3m5s)
• NAD treatment can be expensive, but it is considered a valuable investment in one's health, and it is recommended to inject or infuse it for optimal absorption. (2h3m26s)
• NAD has been found to be the most impactful agent when working with patients, with 100 milligrams injected subcutaneously, although it can cause stomach cramping. (2h3m55s)
• Higher doses of NAD, such as 500 milligrams to 750 milligrams, can be administered through IV, but this should be done with caution and under experienced supervision. (2h4m9s)
• The fastest IV administration of NAD was recorded at 3 minutes and 26 seconds, but this is not recommended due to the potential for adverse effects. (2h4m19s)
• NAD infusions can cause systemic pain and discomfort, which can provide a unique window into empathy for people who experience chronic pain. (2h4m54s)
• After the infusion is removed, the individual may feel great, and this experience can be a powerful catalyst for psychological change. (2h5m30s)
• A social setting, such as an IV room with multiple chairs, can facilitate community bonding and healing among individuals undergoing NAD treatment. (2h6m4s)
• For those who cannot afford IV infusions, subcutaneous injections or sublingual NMN may be a more affordable alternative, with NMN being the preferred option over NR. (2h6m20s)
• The most expensive to least expensive options for NAD treatment are IV, subcutaneous injections, NR, and sublingual NMN, respectively. (2h6m30s)
• Topical application of NAD is also possible, but it can be unpredictable, and transdermal patches may cause skin irritation due to the strong adhesive. (2h6m43s)
• Clinical experience is being discussed, with a focus on what works well, based on observations of people and their responses to treatments (2h7m21s).
• The clinician has extensive experience with peptides and NAD, having overseen numerous cases and received feedback from providers on their effectiveness (2h7m40s).
• The clinician's confidence in their knowledge comes from having done a lot of peptide and NAD treatments, allowing them to understand how they work and what works well (2h7m36s).

PT-141, Vyleesi, Libido; Nausea (2h7m53s)

• PT-141 is a peptide that has received FDA approval for the treatment of female hypoactive sexual desire disorder, and it is also used to stimulate libido in men and to treat erectile dysfunction through a neurogenic mechanism (2h7m54s).
• PT-141 is a fragment or derivative of the peptide melanotan, which stimulates alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), a hormone that plays a role in various hormonal pathways and can bolster the immune response (2h8m37s).
• Melanotan can also stimulate melanin production, leading to a tanning effect, but this can be undesirable for some people, particularly women (2h9m10s).
• PT-141 has a narrow therapeutic window, and excessive doses can cause nausea, which is a common side effect of many peptides, including GLP-1 (2h9m35s).
• The nausea associated with these peptides is thought to be related to the activation of receptors in primitive areas of the brain that are involved in generating nausea in response to toxins (2h10m17s).
• The medial pituitary gland is the origin of peptides like PT-141, and it is an interesting area of study due to its role in various hormonal pathways (2h9m49s).
• Starting with a low dose (microdose) and gradually increasing it can minimize the risk of nausea associated with peptides like GLP-1 (2h10m38s).
• The brand name for PT-141 is Vyleesi, which is used to treat female hypoactive sexual desire disorder (2h8m14s).

FDA Approval & Removal, Pharmaceutical Companies (2h10m57s)

• The FDA has banned several peptides that were previously considered useful in clinical settings, sparking controversy and questions about their motivations (2h10m58s).
• Some peptides, such as GP1 agonists, were initially part of niche cultures like fitness or bodybuilding but are now approaching trillion-dollar industries over the next 10 years (2h11m31s).
• The FDA's actions may be driven by a desire to protect the public, but it also appears that pharmaceutical companies are profiting from the ban by releasing similar compounds with high profit margins (2h11m58s).
• Examples of peptides that have been "clawed back" by the FDA include MK-677, BPC-157, and others (2h12m19s).
• The FDA's intentions are unclear, and it is possible that their actions are motivated by both a desire to protect the public and a desire to create a profitable market for pharmaceutical companies (2h12m29s).
• The FDA's actions may be an overreach, as peptides have been shown to have immensely beneficial uses in the right dosage and with the right physicians (2h13m15s).
• The government's actions may be driven by a desire to understand and regulate the peptide market, but this could be achieved without removing them from the marketplace (2h14m13s).
• Pharmaceutical companies may be motivated to develop peptide-based drugs due to the success of blockbuster drugs like semaglutide and tepati (2h14m25s).
• The pharmaceutical industry may see the potential for profit in developing peptide-based drugs, leading to a push to regulate and control the market (2h14m42s).
• The healthcare system often doesn't discuss the truth about people's health, including the causes of chronic diseases, the effects of overprocessed food, and the impact of toxic substances like Roundup glyphosate on the body (2h15m16s).
• Individuals need to be their own best advocates and do their own research to find reliable information about their health, rather than relying on the government or other authorities (2h15m48s).
• It's essential to seek out guidance from experienced physicians and other healthcare professionals who can help individuals navigate their health and wellness (2h16m21s).
• The current healthcare system is not making a significant impact on chronic diseases, despite spending a lot of money, and is not helping people lead better lives (2h16m35s).
• Conventional medicine is great for life-and-death situations, but it may not be effective in helping people lead their best lives (2h16m45s).
• The pharmaceutical industry dominates the medical system, which can be a problem, as it prioritizes pharmaceuticals over alternative remedies and modalities like nutrition, chiropractic, and acupuncture (2h17m31s).
• The Flexner report of 1917 played a significant role in shaping medical education to prioritize pharmaceuticals and dismiss alternative remedies (2h17m36s).
• Society often measures health by the pills people take, but these pills are not necessarily making people healthy or well (2h18m0s).
• The current state of healthcare is not ideal, and people are not getting the results they need from traditional doctors and pharmaceuticals, leading them to seek alternative solutions, often from the gray or black market (2h18m12s).
• Pharmaceutical companies are driven by both a desire to help people and a desire to make money, but this comes with a significant cost, and the government's role is to regulate this industry, although they often go too far (2h18m42s).
• There is a need for honest discussions about the pharmaceutical industry and the role of government regulation, without being threatening or harmful, and acknowledging that there may be disagreements (2h19m1s).
• Prescription drugs can be useful in certain situations, such as taking antibiotics after surgery, but they should not be overused or relied upon excessively (2h19m15s).
• The governing bodies that regulate the pharmaceutical industry are complex and nuanced, and it is essential to have a deep understanding of these organizations to make informed decisions (2h19m40s).
• The podcast aims to bring diverse perspectives and outlooks on various topics, including peptides, NAD, and FDA approval and removal (2h20m1s).

Positivity, Mindset & Health (2h20m17s)

• Positive thoughts have been shown to enhance immune system function, and clinically, a positive mindset can profoundly affect one's life, with no good ever coming from a negative thought (2h20m17s).
• It's essential to make decisions with a positive frame, but this doesn't mean being fake or glossing over difficulties, as people do suffer, and it's a stressful time in human history (2h21m14s).
• When individuals start pivoting towards positivity, they get more positivity, and everyone has the opportunity to do this, regardless of the challenges they face (2h21m53s).
• People can't choose their eye color, family, or upbringing, but they can choose how they respond to these things, and positivity is something that can never be taken away (2h22m15s).
• Positivity is crucial for success, longevity, and health span, as it can override almost everything, and its effects can be seen in influencing others and helping them be more positive (2h22m37s).
• As a physician, the value of positivity is often overlooked in favor of discussing science and medicine, but it's essential to have conversations and build trust with patients to help them learn how to be more positive (2h23m17s).
• Peptides and NAD can serve as gateways to build trust and help individuals learn how to be more positive and slant themselves towards positivity (2h23m46s).
• Dr. Craig Koniver's clinical practice focuses on helping people find their purpose and heal from pain and suffering, allowing them to contribute to others and live a more fulfilling life (2h23m57s).
• He has shifted his practice to align with his purpose and expanded it to include public education, providing links to his practice and educational efforts (2h24m45s).
• Dr. Koniver is involved in public education efforts about peptides, other compounds, and regulatory bodies, as well as the field of medicine, and is appreciated for bringing a human component to his work (2h24m55s).
• He is invited to return and discuss the evolving field of medicine and advancements in the future (2h25m28s).
• Dr. Koniver expresses his respect and admiration for Andrew's work and the wide audience that trusts him, and appreciates the opportunity to be on the show and support each other's efforts (2h25m45s).
• Dr. Koniver and Andrew appreciate each other's work and the positive impact it has on people's lives, and look forward to future collaborations and discussions (2h26m16s).

Zero-Cost Support, YouTube, Spotify & Apple Follow & Reviews, Sponsors, YouTube Feedback, Protocols Book, Social Media, Neural Network Newsletter (2h26m23s)

• To learn more about peptides, including those discussed in the episode, a link to a solo episode about peptide therapies is available in the show note captions (2h26m33s).
• Subscribing to the YouTube channel, Spotify, and Apple is a zero-cost way to support the podcast, and leaving a five-star review on Spotify and Apple is also appreciated (2h26m49s).
• The sponsors mentioned at the beginning and throughout the episode are the best way to support the podcast (2h27m0s).
• Questions, comments, and suggestions for future podcast topics can be left in the YouTube comment section (2h27m6s).
• A new book, "Protocols: An Operating Manual for the Human Body," is available for pre-sale, covering protocols for sleep, exercise, stress control, focus, and motivation, with scientific substantiation (2h27m14s).
• The book can be pre-ordered at protocolsbook.com, with links to various vendors (2h27m43s).
• The host can be followed on social media platforms, including Instagram, X (formerly Twitter), Threads, Facebook, and LinkedIn, where science and science-related tools are discussed (2h27m54s).
• A zero-cost monthly newsletter, the Neural Network Newsletter, is available, including podcast summaries and protocol PDFs on topics like neuroplasticity, dopamine, sleep, and fitness (2h28m17s).
• The newsletter can be subscribed to by going to hubermanlab.com, clicking on the menu tab, scrolling down to "Newsletter," and providing an email address, with the assurance that emails are not shared with anyone (2h28m50s).