Morgan Housel: Understand & Apply the Psychology of Money to Gain Greater Happiness

Morgan Housel (0s)

• Morgan Housel is a partner at the Collaborative Fund and an expert in private wealth generation and management, and is also the author of the bestselling book "The Psychology of Money" (17s).
• The discussion revolves around the psychology of money, how money can change one's psychology, and how most people tend to lie at the extremes of either saving too much money or spending too much money (32s).
• Most people get it wrong when it comes to framing in their minds what money is, its real value, and its ability to generate happiness within them (42s).
• It is acknowledged that money cannot buy happiness, but it can buffer stress (57s).
• What people are really seeking when they talk about seeking wealth or money is freedom, which is about independence (1m8s).
• The pursuit of wealth can make one not truly free or independent (1m15s).
• The discussion is about being happy, feeling independent, feeling free of stress, and organizing one's life around the pursuit of wealth and happiness (1m20s).
• Morgan Housel explains how to generate and manage money, as well as how to organize one's life in and around the pursuit of wealth and happiness (1m25s).
• The topic of wealth and money is considered very important, and it is likely that people have been thinking about and pursuing it incorrectly (1m41s).
• By asking oneself certain questions and answering them, one can arrive at a place where their relationship to money and pursuit of it matches their particular goals (2m6s).

Sponsors: Wealthfront & BetterHelp (2m13s)

• The podcast is separate from the host's teaching and research roles at Stanford, but it is part of their effort to bring zero-cost consumer information about science and science-related tools to the general public (2m14s).
• Wealthfront is a sponsor of the podcast, and the host has been using it for nearly a decade as a high-yield cash account, earning 4.25% annual percentage yield on deposits (2m29s).
• With Wealthfront, users can earn 4.25% APY on their cash through partner banks, with no limit on deposits, and get free same-day withdrawals to eligible accounts every day, including weekends and holidays (2m47s).
• Wealthfront also provides protection of up to $8 million through FDIC Insurance, and users can transfer their cash to automated investing accounts when ready (3m7s).
• To try Wealthfront, listeners can go to wealthfront.com/huberman to receive a free $50 bonus with a $500 deposit into their first cash account (3m37s).
• BetterHelp is another sponsor of the podcast, offering professional therapy with a licensed therapist carried out entirely online (4m1s).
• The host has been doing weekly therapy for over 30 years and believes it is an extremely important component of overall health, providing good rapport, support, and useful insights (4m8s).
• BetterHelp makes it easy to find an expert therapist who can provide these benefits, and online therapy is time-efficient and easy to fit into a busy schedule (4m36s).
• Listeners can try BetterHelp by going to betterhelp.com/huberman to get 10% off their first month (4m57s).

Spending Habits & Cynicism (5m11s)

• The goal is to help people understand what money is, why they work for it, and how to make it a true asset to their lives, rather than something that is forever out of reach in terms of amount or what they expect it to bring them (5m50s).
• The notion that "people are not crazy" means that it is easy to look at society and how people are spending, saving, and investing their money and say why they would do that, but if you peel back the onion layer of what's going on in those people's lives, it makes sense to them in that moment (6m23s).
• The phrase "all behavior makes sense with enough information" from social work can be applied to money, meaning that how people spend and save their money today can be tied to their experiences in life, how they were raised, where they were raised, and their generation (7m11s).
• People's spending habits can be influenced by their desire for attention, trying to cover up a hole, or genuinely enjoying it, and those who hoard money may have experienced something that's causing them to do so (7m43s).
• There is no one right way to manage money, and individuals must figure out what works for them, as it is not like math where 2 plus 2 equals 4 for everybody (8m7s).
• Understanding that people's financial decisions make sense to them can help individuals become less cynical about other people's decisions and happier when they are not judging others (8m29s).

Tool: Money & Future Regrets (8m44s)

• The concepts of money and safety are closely linked, as having enough resources to take care of oneself and others, as well as buffering anxiety about not having enough money, are essential for psychological care (8m45s).
• Decisions about education, such as whether to pursue an advanced degree and what major to focus on, are influenced by the desire for financial stability and the potential for higher-paying jobs (9m14s).
• Higher education does not always translate to higher income, and individuals must consider their interests and financial goals when making decisions about their career path (9m37s).
• A key factor in making financial decisions is having a well-calibrated sense of future regret, which involves considering what one will regret in the past and making decisions based on that (10m36s).
• This sense of regret can change over the course of one's life, and it is essential to regularly reassess one's priorities and financial decisions (11m5s).
• Nobel Prize-winning psychologist Daniel Kahneman emphasized the importance of considering future regret when making financial decisions (10m27s).
• Jeff Bezos has also spoken about the importance of considering regret when making decisions, although the specific story is not mentioned in the provided text (12m6s).
• Ultimately, financial decisions should be based on individual priorities and values, rather than a simple "YOLO" or "save for tomorrow" approach (11m49s).
• It is essential to understand that what one person will regret may be different from what another person will regret, and individuals must consider their unique circumstances and priorities when making financial decisions (12m1s).
• Jeff Bezos started Amazon in 1994, despite knowing it had a low chance of success, to avoid future regret if he didn't try, and this mindset showcases his entrepreneurial spirit (12m8s).
• People's sense of regret can be different, and it's challenging to anticipate future regret, as most individuals lack a well-calibrated sense of it, which can change over time (12m45s).
• When making significant life decisions, such as investing in education or a profession, people often rationalize their choices after the fact to connect the dots and make sense of their past experiences (13m15s).
• The "end of history illusion" in psychology refers to the tendency for people to believe they have grown significantly in the past but will not change much in the future, making it difficult to project long-term personal growth (14m5s).
• This illusion can lead to a fixed mindset, where individuals believe their current beliefs are correct and may not adapt or change them in the future, making it challenging to take a truly long-term view when making decisions (14m58s).
• To avoid regret and make better long-term decisions, it's essential to avoid extreme ends of financial planning, such as the FIRE (Financial Independence, Retire Early) movement, and instead strive for a more balanced approach (15m19s).
• The only antidote to the end of history illusion is to acknowledge that personal growth and change are ongoing processes, and being open to adapting one's beliefs and decisions over time can help mitigate future regret (15m13s).
• There are two extreme groups when it comes to managing finances: those who save a large percentage of their income, aiming to retire early, and those who take high risks, such as YOLO crypto traders, who invest without much consideration for the consequences. (15m25s)
• Individuals at these extreme ends are more likely to experience regret in the future due to their financial decisions. (15m35s)
• Young people who make financial mistakes, such as those involved in crypto trading, have time to recover from their errors, but they may still look back and regret their decisions. (15m39s)
• Losing money at a young age may not seem significant at the time, but it can become a source of regret later in life, especially when faced with significant expenses, such as putting children through college. (15m53s)
• The extreme ends of financial management have the highest odds of leading to future regret. (16m4s)

Money Management Extremes; Credit & Hope (16m7s)

• People generally fall into two categories: those who are motivated by the potential rewards of taking risks and those who are driven by the fear of loss and prefer to avoid risks, with some individuals being more motivated to try new things due to their desire for novelty and reward, while others prefer reliability and the "sure thing" (16m9s).
• Research has shown that people tend to work harder to avoid the pain of loss than to gain something, and this can be seen in various aspects of life, including financial decisions (16m48s).
• Some individuals are more prone to taking risks and trying new things, while others prefer to stick with what they know and avoid uncertainty, which can be attributed to a propensity for risk versus safety (17m44s).
• It's difficult to determine which path is the right one, as people can't know the outcomes of the paths they didn't take, and it's easy to look back and think that the choices made were the right ones, but it's impossible to know for sure (18m5s).
• A well-calibrated sense of future regret can be helpful, but it's also important to recognize that nobody knows the outcomes of the paths they didn't take, making it challenging to determine the best course of action (18m35s).
• Many people tend to fall into extreme ends of spending or saving, with a fat tail distribution in how people manage their money, which can be attributed to the fact that people are often driven by emotions and biases rather than rational decision-making (18m50s).
• Despite the challenges of managing money, society as a whole is richer than it's ever been, with the average family being wealthier than they've ever been, but this wealth is often managed in extreme ways (19m9s).
• The relationship between money and happiness is complex, and there is limited evidence to suggest that people are happier today than they were 40 years or 100 years ago, as managing money effectively to increase happiness and reduce regret is challenging (19m20s).
• The widespread use of credit has changed the way people think about money, allowing individuals to purchase items they cannot afford, which can lead to debt and financial difficulties (19m59s).
• Credit card debt can become overwhelming, with some individuals accumulating debt early on and feeling they will never be able to pay it off, while others, like the speaker, pay off their credit card bills in full each month to avoid high interest rates (20m10s).
• The ability to purchase items on credit has created a culture where people can exceed their income level and enjoy luxuries they cannot afford, changing the way people think about and use money (21m4s).
• Credit can be used to fill emotional voids or challenges in life, but this can lead to a continuous cycle of consumption, as individuals may feel that acquiring more material possessions will solve their problems, only to find that it does not (21m36s).
• This cycle of consumption can be fueled by the ease of financing, making it easier for people to continue accumulating debt and material possessions in pursuit of happiness (22m21s).
• The example of Will Smith is mentioned, although the context of the reference is not provided in the given text (22m28s).
• A biography mentioned a realization that when the subject was poor and depressed, they had hope because they could tell themselves that one day they would have money and their problems would go away (22m29s).
• However, when the subject became rich and was still depressed, they lost hope because they had more money than they could ever spend and could no longer tell themselves that having more money would solve their problems (22m40s).
• The availability of credit can give people a false sense of hope, keeping them on a cycle of constantly desiring more material possessions, such as a bigger house or a nicer car, in the belief that these things will solve their problems (22m50s).
• Without access to a lot of money, people are more likely to address the root causes of their problems, such as health, relationships, or a sense of purpose, rather than trying to temporarily fix them with credit (23m5s).
• This realization highlights the importance of recognizing that money is not always the solution to one's problems and that true happiness and fulfillment come from addressing the underlying issues (23m11s).

Money as a Tool, Happiness, Independence & Purpose (23m17s)

• Money can't directly buy happiness, but it can buffer stress and drive outcomes, such as better health outcomes, especially in situations like medical issues where wealth can influence the quality of treatment and care (23m17s).
• Money can indirectly contribute to happiness by making it easier to host friends and family, form connections, and create memories, which are the actual sources of happiness (24m36s).
• Having a sense of purpose is crucial to happiness, and people who become rich often attribute their happiness to finding purpose through building a business, career success, or other achievements (25m5s).
• Lottery winners, on the other hand, often do not experience long-term happiness despite their newfound wealth, as they lack the sense of purpose and identity that comes with achieving success through hard work and effort (25m31s).
• Spending money can make people happier if done in a way that aligns with their personality and values, but it's essential to recognize that money is just a tool to acquire things that bring happiness, rather than the source of happiness itself (26m2s).
• A good formula for a fulfilling life is a combination of independence and purpose, where one has the freedom to pursue their goals and passions without being constrained by external factors (26m40s).
• Money can help achieve independence and facilitate the pursuit of purpose, but it is not a direct contributor to happiness or well-being (27m4s).
• Ultimately, happiness comes from finding purpose and meaning in life, and money is just a means to support and enhance that pursuit (27m26s).

Sponsors: AG1 & ROKA (27m30s)

• AG1 is considered the highest quality and most complete foundational nutritional supplement available, containing vitamins, minerals, probiotics, prebiotics, and adaptogens to cover any gaps in one's diet and provide support for a demanding life (27m39s).
• Taking AG1 daily can bolster energy, immune system, and gut microbiome, which are critical to brain function, mood, physical performance, and more (28m9s).
• AG1 is available at drinkag1.com, and a special offer including five free travel packs and a year's supply of vitamin D3 K2 can be claimed using the code "huberman" (28m21s).
• ROKA makes high-quality eyeglasses and sunglasses, and has teamed up to create a new style of red lens glasses designed to be worn in the evening to filter out short wavelength light from screens and LED lights (28m45s).
• ROKA red lens glasses are not traditional blue blockers and are designed to prevent the full range of wavelengths that suppress melatonin secretion at night, helping to calm down and improve transition to sleep (29m13s).
• Wearing ROKA red lens glasses can make it easier to transition to sleep, and they are also stylish enough to be worn out to social events (29m32s).
• ROKA red lens glasses can be purchased at roka.com, and a 20% discount can be applied using the code "huberman" at checkout (29m57s).

Unstructured Time; Independence, Identify & Money; Addiction (30m11s)

• Spending unstructured time with loved ones, such as children, is one of the most valuable things that can be given to relationships, and it is often appreciated more than big events or material possessions (30m11s).
• A gerontologist named Carl Pmer wrote a book called "30 Lessons for Living" where he interviewed about 100 centenarians and found that none of them regretted not earning more money, but many regretted not spending more time with their kids, being nicer to people, and spending more time with friends and family (31m21s).
• Earning money can provide the opportunity to spend time with loved ones, but for some people, it can also lead to a lack of independence and time for the things that truly bring happiness (31m56s).
• Having independence and purpose is key to happiness, and some people who make millions of dollars per year may have no independence and be tied to their work, leading to unhappiness (32m28s).
• Independence is not necessarily tied to wealth, and some people may have been more independent when they were younger and had less money (32m58s).
• In an ideal world, one would find a balance between independence and purpose, but this can be difficult to achieve (33m8s).
• Many people pursue a vocation or career that they find meaningful, work hard to earn enough money, and then retire to spend unstructured time with loved ones, but this model may not be realistic for everyone (33m11s).
• Only about 1% of people can earn enough money to retire young and pursue their passions, as stated by entrepreneur Felix Dennis, who wrote "How to Get Rich" and said he would have retired at 35 to plant trees and write poetry if he could do life over (33m54s).
• People who achieve a high degree of wealth at a young age often continue working, possibly due to expectations from others, ego, or a sense of self tied to their pursuit (34m24s).
• Once people have enough resources to take care of themselves and their loved ones, continuing to pursue wealth may not make sense, but some people enjoy their work and would continue doing it even if financially independent (34m56s).
• Those who say they will stop working once they hit their financial goal may not love their work, and when money becomes part of one's identity, it can be a psychological liability (35m27s).
• Having more money can become an addiction, controlling one's life and increasing their satiation point, making it a financial asset but a psychological liability for some people (35m57s).
• Money can be both a financial asset and a psychological liability for those who feel they need to have more, even when they have enough to take care of themselves and their loved ones (36m9s).
• The wealthier an individual becomes, the more they tend to become addicted to having more, as the desire for wealth grows exponentially over time (36m13s).
• Dopamine is a molecule associated with the pursuit of reward, and it plays a role in generating movement and cognitive pursuit, which is why people with Parkinson's disease, who are depleted in dopamine, struggle with movement (36m25s).
• Addiction can be described as a progressive narrowing of the things that bring an individual pleasure, safety, or a sense of safety, which is often driven by the desire to avoid social pain or feelings of vulnerability (36m57s).
• For many people, the pursuit of wealth is driven by the desire to avoid feelings of inadequacy or social pain, rather than to enjoy the benefits of wealth (37m11s).
• This pursuit of wealth can become a game that cannot be won, as there will always be someone who is wealthier or more successful (37m35s).
• The wealthier an individual becomes, the more likely they are to compare themselves to others, which can lead to feelings of inadequacy and insecurity (37m57s).
• Some of the most financially insecure people are often the wealthiest, as their sense of identity and self-worth becomes tied to their wealth (38m22s).
• When wealth becomes an integral part of an individual's identity, it can become a psychological liability, controlling their thoughts and actions and detracting from their happiness (38m37s).
• Using wealth as a tool to measure oneself against others can ultimately lead to unhappiness, as it creates a never-ending cycle of comparison and competition (38m58s).

Longevity, Health & Money (39m4s)

• All forms of addiction are fundamentally a fear of death, which causes individuals to shrink their time perception and pursue something, often leading to a functional addiction, such as work or seeking awards in a profession, which can give an illusion of progress (39m6s).
• Some billionaires are happy and tend to be avid learners, still working and pursuing new things, and are focused on securing their health status, as money can buy better healthcare but not more years of life (39m51s).
• Modern billionaires often prioritize their health over material possessions, with some even using blood profiles as a point of comparison and bragging about their health metrics (40m53s).
• There is a relationship between physical health and money, with a sweet spot existing, but no pill can be purchased to live longer, and some people work so hard for money that it takes a physical toll on their body (41m22s).
• It is easier to measure net worth and income than health and happiness, leading some people to prioritize making money over their well-being, even if it means sacrificing their health and relationships (41m45s).
• Being very wealthy can make individuals accustomed to getting anything they want instantly, but health is often the one thing that cannot be purchased, driving some people crazy and making them prioritize their health above other things (42m11s).
• The desire for more is a natural human instinct, and even when people have all the material possessions they could ever want, they still have desires, with many wealthy individuals, such as Robert Barons, John D. Rockefeller, and Andrew Carnegie, having been obsessed with achieving immortality (42m36s).
• Historically, the richest members of society did not always live the longest, with data from the British purage showing that until around 1750, the richest people in the UK had among the shortest lives, while some of the poorest people lived the longest (43m18s).
• The reason for this was that the richest people could afford quack medicines and sham doctors, which often did more harm than good, highlighting the idea that trying to buy a better life can sometimes backfire (43m30s).
• There is currently excitement around stem cell treatments that are not yet available in the US, but many of these treatments do not have FDA approval and may not be effective or could even be harmful (43m55s).
• Some wealthy individuals are spending money on these treatments, which may not work or could even make them less healthy, with a true story about a stem cell clinic in Florida that injected stem cells into the eyes of wealthy people, causing them to go blind (44m34s).
• The basics of longevity are clear, including avoiding head trauma, environmental toxins, and certain mutations, as well as maintaining a healthy lifestyle through physical activity, nutrition, social connection, sleep, and sunlight (45m10s).
• Wealthy individuals often seek an edge to live longer, but it's still unclear if this pursuit leads to a longer life, with the exception of exercise, which is known to enrich mitochondrial density and increase energy and vigor (45m34s).
• A very wealthy person may use their money to access expensive treatments if they have a rare and serious illness, but it's different for those who are already healthy and trying to achieve immortality (46m11s).
• Even billionaires with immense wealth still yearn for something they don't have, and this sense of yearning can be a sustaining factor for their well-being (46m41s).
• The pursuit of more is driven by dopamine, and even when people have everything they need, they still want more, leading to a continuous pursuit of what they don't have (46m55s).
• The average American family, who by historical definitions have everything they need, still yearn for more, and this pursuit is driven by the desire for something they want but cannot have (47m12s).
• For many people, health becomes a key aspect of this pursuit, as they strive for something they want but may not be able to achieve (47m37s).

Ambition, Social Media, Fame & Social Debt (47m42s)

• The dopamine circuit in the brain is triggered by the possibility of achieving something that seems just out of reach, which can lead to people throwing away money on gambling or other pursuits in an attempt to attain it (47m43s).
• Social media has created a curated highlight reel of the most extreme events in the world, making it seem like anything is within reach, especially for young people who are exposed to images of wealth and success (47m54s).
• This can create unrealistic aspirations and make it harder for people to be satisfied with their own lives, as they compare themselves to others who have achieved great success (48m23s).
• There are many real-life examples of people who have gone from being unknown to extremely wealthy or famous, such as Ed Sheeran, Conor McGregor, and Kanye West, which can inspire others to pursue their own ambitions (48m55s).
• Some people, like Conor McGregor and Kanye West, have even been known to predict their own success and practice their acceptance speeches before achieving it (49m12s).
• Social media has also given people a sense of what's possible and has provided salient examples of people who have gone from unknown to extremely known, such as the podcast host Haw Tu (50m14s).
• The idea that anyone can become internationally known overnight has become more plausible, especially with the rise of social media and the ability for people to share their thoughts and ideas with a large audience (50m41s).
• Many people, especially teenagers, aspire to become influencers as it seems like the quickest path to fame and wealth, with some individuals achieving a large following and wealth at a young age, such as a kindergartener with over a million followers on YouTube (51m5s).
• However, fame can restrict one's freedom rather than increase it, and being "rich and anonymous" is often considered the ideal state, as stated by Nal (51m40s).
• The concept of "social debt" refers to how the money one has can influence how others think of them and even how they think about themselves, and can be an anchor on one's happiness (51m53s).
• Fame is considered the ultimate social debt, and for many people, the social debt of fame outweighs the money they made from being famous, as seen in the anecdote of Tiger Woods who feels like he has no privacy unless he is scuba diving (52m25s).
• Social debt can also apply to people who earn a modest income, as they may feel pressure from friends and family to share their wealth, and social media platforms are designed to foster comparison and generate feelings of FOMO and dopamine (53m13s).

Sponsor: Function (53m37s)

• Function is a comprehensive approach to lab testing that analyzes blood, urine, and saliva to provide a full picture of one's health and vitality, covering areas such as heart health, hormone status, immune system regulation, metabolic function, and vitamin and mineral status (53m39s).
• Function provides testing of over 100 biomarkers key to physical and mental health and also analyzes these results, offering insights from top doctors on the results (54m2s).
• The testing can reveal unexpected health issues, such as high levels of mercury in the blood, and provide medical doctor-informed insights on how to address these issues (54m12s).
• The insights provided by Function can include recommendations for dietary changes, such as limiting tuna consumption and increasing intake of leafy greens, as well as supplementing with certain nutrients to support detoxification (54m25s).
• Function offers a comprehensive and actionable approach to lab testing, making it easier to use and more accessible than other options (54m50s).
• The service is currently offering early access to listeners of the Huberman Lab podcast, who can sign up at functionhealth.com/huberman (55m6s).

Resume Virtues vs. Eulogy Virtues (55m24s)

• When people are asked about their regrets on their deathbed, common responses include wishing they spent less time at work and more time with their kids or in nature, but it's also worth considering what people are proud of or what brought them meaning in life (55m41s).
• Warren Buffett suggests writing your own obituary and working backwards to live up to it, which can help people focus on what truly matters to them (56m11s).
• Most people's desired obituary would highlight their positive relationships and contributions to their community, rather than material possessions or achievements (56m20s).
• The concept of "resume virtues" versus "eulogy virtues" was introduced by David Brooks, where resume virtues refer to achievements and possessions, while eulogy virtues refer to positive qualities and relationships (56m50s).
• While resume virtues can be important, many people ultimately aspire to have eulogy virtues, but spend most of their time chasing resume virtues (57m6s).
• Focusing on eulogy virtues can help people prioritize what truly brings them happiness and fulfillment, such as spending quality time with loved ones (57m19s).
• The distinction between resume virtues and eulogy virtues can help people re-evaluate their priorities and make more meaningful choices, such as choosing to spend time with family over material possessions or achievements (57m45s).

Compound Interest, Math vs. Behavior (57m52s)

• Compound interest is a powerful tool for growing wealth over time, but many people fail to take advantage of it despite understanding its benefits (57m55s).
• One reason for this is that people are not wired for exponential thinking, making it difficult for them to comprehend the potential growth of their investments (59m38s).
• Even when presented with numbers and projections, people may struggle to believe the results, as they seem counterintuitive and don't pass the "sniff test" (59m49s).
• Time perception is also a challenge, as people tend to prioritize short-term needs over long-term goals, making it difficult to plan and save for the future (1h0m19s).
• The concept of 50 years or more is particularly difficult for people to grasp, as it seems like an eternity, and they may struggle to connect with their future selves (1h0m9s).
• Warren Buffett's business partner, Charlie Munger, noted that people either understand finance instantly or never, suggesting that some individuals may be more naturally inclined to grasp financial concepts (1h0m41s).
• The idea that only 1% of people can end up in the top 1% is often cited, highlighting the challenges of achieving financial success and the importance of understanding individual differences in behavior and psychology (1h0m52s).
• Financial education can help people understand what is possible, but it's unlikely that everyone will "get it" and take action, as behavior and psychology play a significant role in financial decision-making (1h1m11s).
• The gap between knowledge and behavior is not unique to finance, as people often struggle to make healthy choices despite understanding the risks and benefits, highlighting the importance of addressing behavioral aspects in financial education (1h1m29s).

Dopamine & Time, Marshmallow Test & Distraction (1h1m42s)

• Effective public health campaigns often rely on incentivizing aesthetics, hijacking fear, or leveraging cross-generational frictions rather than solely focusing on health risks, as seen in a successful anti-smoking campaign that targeted young people's rebellion against the older generation (1h1m43s).
• The human brain is generally not capable of exponential thinking, which can be demonstrated through the difference between the calculations 8 + 8 + 8 + 8 and 8 * 8 * 8 * 8 (1h2m47s).
• The dopamine reward system plays a fundamental role in pursuit and reward across various time scales, from short-term activities like playing games to long-term goals like education and career advancement (1h3m6s).
• Dopamine is involved in motivating pursuit across all time scales and scenarios, including competitive activities, education, and personal achievements (1h3m28s).
• The dopamine reward system may not be capable of exponential thinking, and its limitations could be related to its evolutionary origins in pursuing basic needs like food, water, and shelter (1h4m1s).
• The marshmallow test, which presents a choice between an immediate reward or a delayed but greater reward, highlights individual differences in decision-making and time perception, with some people being more inclined to prioritize long-term benefits (1h4m15s).
• While some individuals, like certain billionaires, have been wired from a young age to understand the value of long-term thinking and compound interest, this mindset may not be suitable or desirable for everyone, as it can lead to regret and an overemphasis on saving for the future (1h4m41s).
• The Stanford marshmallow experiment revealed significant variation in human self-constraint behavior, where children were given the option to eat one marshmallow immediately or wait for two marshmallows later, and the videos of the experiment are delightful and insightful (1h5m11s).
• The children who were able to wait and get two marshmallows were not necessarily resisting temptation or being pulled forward by anticipation, but rather distracting themselves by singing, playing, or doing other activities (1h5m57s).
• The environment and distractions played a significant role in the children's ability to wait, and this concept can be applied to adults as well, particularly in the context of investing and social media (1h6m15s).
• Investing automatically, such as through a 401k, can lead to good investing behavior, as it removes the temptation to constantly check and react to market fluctuations (1h6m57s).
• Creating an environment that is resistant to temptation, such as forgetting one's password or using a separate phone for social media, can help individuals avoid compulsive behavior (1h7m5s).
• Social media algorithms are designed to be compulsion-inducing, activating the dopamine circuitry and making it difficult for individuals to resist the pull of endless scrolling and engagement (1h7m52s).
• Using strategies such as "post and ghost" or limiting social media use to specific times or devices can help individuals avoid getting sucked into the rabbit hole of social media (1h7m33s).
• Recognizing the power of compulsion and taking steps to mitigate its effects can lead to greater self-control and more intentional behavior (1h8m2s).
• People with large social media accounts often spend very little time on social media, as excessive time spent on it can be overwhelming and a liability, despite offering immediate rewards such as likes and comments (1h8m15s).
• To be successful on social media, one should focus on creating valuable content by doing things in real life, such as research, learning, and organizing that learning into a format that benefits others, and then sharing it on social media (1h8m41s).
• Staying too long on social media can prevent one from gathering more material and creating new content, much like a farmer who needs to plant more seeds and plow the field after shipping their crops (1h8m57s).
• The dopamine circuitry in the human brain has not evolved to handle new technologies that can hijack it, making it essential to think about these things in basic terms (1h9m18s).
• Jerry Seinfeld quit his show in the 1990s because he and Larry David could no longer observe the world and gather content due to their busy schedules, which would have come at the expense of the show's quality (1h9m27s).
• The ultimate reward for creatives should not be solely focused on metrics such as viewership or money, but rather on the process of creating and living, as seen in Seinfeld's approach to comedy (1h9m46s).

Motivation, Pleasure; Relationships (1h9m58s)

• In an ideal world, one can make a living that is sufficient for their needs doing something they truly enjoy, with 75% of activities being pleasurable, 15% neutral, and the remainder having some punishing features (1h9m58s).
• Enjoying work is crucial because effort precedes dopamine, and dopamine not preceded by effort can be very dangerous, as seen in addictive substances like methamphetamine and cocaine (1h10m47s).
• The dopamine profile shows that the higher the peak and the faster the rise to peak, the more the drop below baseline and the more time it takes to return to baseline (1h11m11s).
• When people are below baseline in terms of dopamine, they often engage in behaviors or substances that drive the baseline further down (1h11m20s).
• The lottery winner analogy illustrates that getting a lot of money or dopamine without effort can lead to an empty feeling, as there's no effort to base it against (1h11m31s).
• Time spent with loved ones, such as playing with kids, can be a form of effortless pleasure, but it's still enriching and has underlying mechanisms that are not yet fully understood (1h11m50s).
• There are multiple paths to pleasure, but only one path for motivation, which is dopamine, and high levels of dopamine not preceded by effort can be downright dangerous (1h12m25s).
• Parenting and traveling with children can create lasting memories, not just from the destination, but from the process of doing things together, like flying, renting a car, and going out to dinner (1h12m45s).
• The best parts of a relationship can be the simple, mundane moments shared with someone, such as a drive home where both people are asleep for part of the time, which can create a sense of bonding and togetherness (1h13m10s).
• Traveling with people, even in the absence of external input, can be a fundamental and bonding experience, as it involves going through a challenge or journey together (1h13m27s).
• Sharing experiences and challenges with others can create strong bonds, as seen in examples such as going on a long hike with someone and feeling a sense of accomplishment and camaraderie at the end (1h13m44s).
• The movie "Into the Wild" features a true story about a man who becomes obsessed with bonding with nature, but ultimately realizes through his journal entries that the fundamental pursuit in life is to experience things with other people (1h14m9s).
• This idea is reinforced by the fact that solitary confinement is considered a form of torture, highlighting the importance of human connection and shared experiences in our lives (1h14m29s).
• The realization that experiencing things with others is a fundamental human pursuit is a common theme in many aspects of life, and is not limited to extreme examples like the one in "Into the Wild" (1h14m25s).

Freedom, Tool: Savings & Independence (1h14m38s)

• Freedom means different things to different people, but it generally involves not being enslaved by anything, including one's own pursuit of work or a job that provides resources but is not necessary (1h14m39s).
• There are two forms of anti-freedom: one that exists within a person's head, driven by fear of failure or pursuit of something, and the other that is a job that provides resources but is not necessary (1h14m53s).
• People yearn for freedom and hate enslavement, but the concept of freedom is often misconstrued as doing nothing or retiring, when in fact it means having the ability to make choices and act on one's own terms (1h15m45s).
• A key aspect of freedom is the ability to wake up every morning and choose what to do, even if that means working and being productive (1h16m50s).
• The difference between being told what to do by a boss and doing something on one's own terms is significant, and many people have an inherent drive to be productive and social (1h17m7s).
• The story of Franklin Roosevelt as a child illustrates this concept, as he was given the freedom to do whatever he wanted for a day, but instead chose to follow his normal schedule, highlighting the importance of autonomy and choice (1h16m12s).
• Personal experience, such as the author's miserable internship in investment banking, can also illustrate the importance of freedom and autonomy in one's work and life (1h17m14s).
• Ultimately, freedom is not about doing nothing, but about having the ability to make choices and act on one's own terms, and it is this sense of freedom that can bring happiness and fulfillment (1h16m43s).
• Entrepreneurial individuals are more willing to work hard on their own terms rather than being told what to do, as this provides a sense of independence and autonomy (1h17m50s).
• Using money to achieve independence allows individuals to have the financial flexibility to make choices such as working where they want, living where they want, retiring when they want, and taking different jobs or moving to different departments, even if it means a lower salary (1h18m5s).
• Independence with money is often achieved by not spending it on certain things, such as a car or a house, which can be viewed as idle money, but is actually providing independence (1h18m27s).
• Every dollar not spent is essentially being spent on independence, providing marginal more independence than the day before (1h18m40s).
• Saving money can be motivated by a desire for independence, rather than pessimism, and can lead to greater fulfillment and happiness (1h18m51s).

Peak-End Rule, Autonomy & Independence; Elder vs. Elderly (1h19m6s)

• Many people in their early to mid-career feel like they're on a conveyor belt, unsure if their current profession is right for them, and often consider staying in a high-paying job for another year to gain financial freedom before pursuing something they truly enjoy (1h19m7s).
• Some individuals may feel trapped in a job that doesn't bring them happiness, but provides financial stability, and they often think about an "exit ramp" from their current career, whether it's a specific dollar amount or the freedom to pursue a hobby or passion (1h21m1s).
• People often understand the importance of independence and autonomy, but may not apply this understanding to their own careers, instead following the instructions of their bosses and companies without questioning (1h21m48s).
• Two key factors to consider when optimizing career choices are understanding one's "musts" (financial needs), "wants" (personal desires), and "aspirational goals" (long-term objectives), and recognizing the importance of leaving a career on one's own terms (1h21m23s).
• The concept of the "peak-end rule" in psychology is relevant to career choices, suggesting that people tend to remember the most intense or extreme moments of an experience, rather than the overall experience itself (1h22m10s).
• Having a profession that one truly loves, or finding a feature of that profession that keeps them engaged and satisfied, is crucial for happiness and fulfillment, as seen in the example of a professor at Stanford University who values intellectual stimulation and independence (1h20m12s).
• Many people think about their careers in terms of making a living and finding an exit strategy, rather than focusing on their true passions and interests, which may include hobbies such as gardening, writing poetry, or ceramics (1h21m5s).
• People tend to remember their life experiences based on how they felt at the end, and a negative ending can overshadow the positive aspects of the experience, regardless of how enjoyable or successful it was initially (1h22m11s).
• Having control and autonomy over one's life and career is crucial for happiness, and being able to leave on one's own terms is vital for a positive reflection on past experiences (1h22m47s).
• Maximizing independence and autonomy is essential in life, whether one is an entrepreneur or not, as it allows individuals to make choices on their own terms and schedule (1h22m57s).
• Many people fear not being able to control their own mortality, rather than death itself, and this fear can be applied to other aspects of life, such as career and finances (1h23m11s).
• Ray Dalio's model of life's three stages is a useful framework: the first third is spent learning to function in the world, the second third is spent acquiring resources, and the final third is spent giving back to subsequent generations (1h23m26s).
• As people age, they have a choice between becoming an elder, who helps others, or elderly, who disintegrates over time, and this choice is a powerful one (1h23m57s).

Familial Wealth & Identity; Entrepreneurs (1h24m7s)

• Many people are living longer and maintaining their vigor, leading to longer working lives, especially in academia where individuals often continue working to stay intellectually active and socially connected (1h24m9s).
• Some people, like Warren Buffett, continue working in their older age, with Buffett still investing full-time at the age of 93 and planning to give away the vast majority of his wealth to philanthropy, with each of his kids receiving $1 billion for philanthropic purposes (1h24m53s).
• The children of ultra-rich individuals who inherit wealth often squander it, but some examples, like the Rockefellers, have managed their inherited wealth effectively, while others, like the Vanderbilts, have lost their wealth over a few generations (1h25m16s).
• The story of Anderson Cooper, a Vanderbilt heir who did not receive a trust fund, is an interesting example of how not having inherited wealth can lead to success and happiness, as Cooper had to make a name for himself and find his own identity (1h26m1s).
• This anecdote highlights the importance of not relying solely on inherited wealth and instead working to create one's own identity and success, as Cooper's experience suggests that this can lead to greater happiness and fulfillment (1h26m42s).
• People often believe that being born into a family with limited financial resources is a disadvantage, but it's essential to consider the potential downsides of inheriting wealth, such as a lack of motivation and a sense of identity tied solely to wealth (1h26m55s).
• Inheriting a large sum of money, such as $400 million, can lead to self-destruction due to the difficulties of managing wealth and the potential loss of motivation, as seen in the example of a Vanderbilt heir (1h27m20s).
• Rare individuals, such as Mark Zuckerberg, Elon Musk, and Jeff Bezos, have motivation that is detached from money, allowing them to continue pursuing their goals even after achieving great wealth (1h27m45s).
• The excesses of wealth can destroy people, but it's also possible that the pursuit of wealth takes individuals away from the problems that initially drove them to succeed (1h28m12s).
• Successful entrepreneurs often have a "tortured" mindset, driven by the problems they haven't solved and the opportunities they haven't yet found, as described by Patrick O'Shaughnessy (1h28m32s).
• Even highly successful individuals, such as Elon Musk, may experience a "storm" or "mess" in their lives, making their wealth and success less desirable than it may seem (1h28m52s).
• Many founders and successful individuals have devoted their lives to a single problem or endeavor, often at the expense of their family life, health, and mental well-being, making their success less glamorous than it appears (1h29m40s).
• It's essential to consider the full picture of someone's life, rather than just envying their wealth, career, or relationships, as taking the "full package" can be less desirable than it seems (1h30m21s).
• Many people idealize the lives of the wealthy, but if they had a full view of their lives, they might think differently, as seen in the cumulative 15 divorces among the 10 richest men in the world (1h30m34s).
• People like Elon Musk and Mark Zuckerberg represent extreme examples that most people cannot fathom, including their daily lives and the amount of wealth they've acquired (1h31m5s).
• Even meeting someone like Mark Zuckerberg, who seems to enjoy his work, doesn't change the fact that their lives are far beyond most people's understanding and normal dopamine reward schedules (1h31m18s).
• The amount of wealth acquired by these individuals is so astronomically high that it's hard to imagine what to do with it, and buying luxury items like a large plane would not be a satisfactory solution (1h31m43s).
• The lives of the extremely wealthy are often not as good as they seem, and people should be cautious of idealizing them without knowing the full story (1h30m56s).

Life Purpose; Dogs; Social & Historical Comparison (1h31m53s)

• The concept of a "sweet spot" in life is discussed, where an individual finds meaning in their work, earns a sufficient income to reduce anxiety, has meaningful relationships, and has built a good life, as described by Naval Ravikant's quote about wanting resources in the dimensions of a healthy body, a calm mind, and a home full of love (1h32m24s).
• Achieving this sweet spot requires a lot of work, but people often focus on making more money at the expense of their relationships, health, and other important aspects of life because money is tangible and easy to count (1h32m46s).
• In contrast, measuring and pursuing intangible goals like improving relationships or increasing happiness is more challenging, leading people to ignore these aspects and focus on accumulating wealth (1h33m15s).
• The unconditional love and ability of dogs to give and receive love daily is highlighted as an example of living in the moment, as seen in a cartoon where a dog's thought bubble shows it enjoying the present, unlike its owner who is worried about money and work (1h33m55s).
• The speaker's dog, Lucy, a golden retriever, is mentioned as an example of a breed that is universally loving and enjoys the present moment (1h34m27s).
• Social comparison is touched upon as a topic to be discussed, with the goal of making it practical for both partnered and non-partnered individuals, and how people on the "conveyor belt" of work often have a picture in their mind of what they want to achieve (1h35m0s).
• Decisions about career and finances are often influenced by one's upbringing and the messages received from the people closest to them, particularly their spouse, who can either encourage or discourage the pursuit of more wealth and material possessions (1h35m10s).
• The messages received from family members can drive decisions about career advancement, social media presence, and overall financial goals, and can be just as important as social comparisons with peers (1h36m6s).
• Many people work hard to provide for their families, but this can come at the expense of time spent with loved ones, creating a difficult balance between financial security and personal relationships (1h36m28s).
• The concept of "enough" is often relative and can vary greatly depending on individual circumstances and societal expectations, with what was considered a good life in the past being deemed inadequate today (1h36m47s).
• The definition of a good life has shifted over time, with past generations having different expectations and standards for what constitutes a comfortable and happy life (1h37m11s).
• The pursuit of wealth and material possessions can be driven by a desire to keep up with others and compete for resources, rather than a genuine need for more, and this can lead to a never-ending cycle of consumption and dissatisfaction (1h37m31s).
• Even with advancements in technology and increased wealth, people may not necessarily feel happier or more relieved, as they will continue to compare themselves to others and feel pressure to keep up (1h38m0s).
• Economist John Maynard Keynes predicted a future where people would work fewer hours due to technological advancements, but this has not come to pass, and people continue to work long hours to keep up with societal expectations (1h38m10s).
• People's expectations of what constitutes a good life are constantly changing, leading to a never-ending pursuit of more, regardless of how much they already have, and this is driven by competition with others (1h38m17s).
• Even if people's material circumstances improve significantly over time, they tend not to appreciate these improvements because they become the new normal, and their expectations continue to rise (1h38m44s).
• If someone from the past, such as John Rockefeller, were to see the standard of living of a middle-class family today, they would be amazed by the advancements and conveniences that are now taken for granted (1h38m50s).
• The reason people work hard is often to take care of their families and to feel like they have an adequate amount, but this sense of adequacy is a moving target that tends to increase over time (1h39m15s).
• While the drive to constantly improve and achieve more is a key driver of societal progress and economic growth, it can also create a sense of inadequacy and dissatisfaction at the individual level (1h39m35s).
• This feeling of inadequacy can lead people to prioritize work over other important aspects of their lives, such as their relationships, health, and overall well-being (1h39m51s).
• Social media has exacerbated this problem by providing people with constant access to information about others' lives and achievements, fueling the sense of competition and inadequacy (1h39m57s).

Social Comparison & Geography, Angst (1h39m58s)

• The widespread availability of comparison points through social media has significantly increased over the past 30 years, with billions of potential comparison points now accessible online, as opposed to being limited to local comparison points in the past (1h40m0s).
• In major cities like the Bay Area and Silicon Valley, there is a high value placed on individuals who achieve success on a global scale, such as building successful companies or technologies (1h40m32s).
• In cities like New York, the dominant message being conveyed to residents is one of inadequacy, with people feeling pressure to chase after others who appear to be doing better (1h41m2s).
• This pressure to constantly compare and strive for more can be beneficial for society as a whole, driving innovation and growth, but can be difficult for individuals, leading to feelings of inadequacy and unhappiness (1h41m31s).
• The comparison group an individual is part of can greatly impact their happiness, with those in less competitive environments, such as small towns in the Midwest, often reporting higher levels of happiness (1h42m16s).
• In contrast, individuals in highly competitive cities may feel pressure to constantly strive for more, even if they are successful in their own right, such as a dentist in Los Angeles being surrounded by billionaires (1h41m57s).
• The states that are statistically the happiest in the United States tend to be in the Midwest, where the pace of life is less competitive than in major cities like Los Angeles and New York (1h42m18s).
• The trade-off between individual happiness and societal progress is a complex one, with the constant drive for competition and innovation being beneficial for society, but potentially detrimental to individual happiness (1h42m44s).
• Growing up in a competitive environment, such as Lake Tahoe, can instill a sense of competitiveness in individuals from a young age, with the speaker noting that they grew up being competitive and comparing themselves to others in terms of skiing and snowboarding ability (1h42m56s).
• The perception of wealth has changed over time, with the difference between rich and poor becoming more extreme, especially in cities like Los Angeles and New York, and in the social media world, where normal people drive Honda Civics and rich people have private jets (1h43m9s).
• This warped sense of money can be seen in the influence of social media personalities like Mr. Beast, who can give away large sums of money, creating unrealistic expectations and a skewed sense of money in children (1h43m35s).
• The anxiety and pressure to succeed can drive innovation, as seen in the 1930s during the Great Depression and the 1940s during World War II, when society was under immense pressure, leading to significant technological advancements (1h44m6s).
• During the Great Depression, businesses had to become more efficient to survive, leading to the development of assembly lines, grocery stores, and laundromats, and those that didn't adapt went out of business (1h44m28s).
• World War II drove innovation in technologies like nuclear energy, radar, and jets, as the pressure to win the war was a major motivator (1h44m47s).
• There is evidence that society progresses when there is a sense of urgency and pressure to succeed, but not too much, as excessive pressure can be overwhelming (1h45m3s).
• Companies that become too successful and have too much freedom can become complacent and lose their drive to innovate, as seen in the decline of companies like Sears, IBM, Intel, and Boeing (1h45m22s).
• Having a little bit of debt or pressure can be beneficial, as it keeps ambitions in line and motivates individuals to succeed, as stated by a person who said that every business should have a little bit of debt to keep them in check (1h45m42s).
• The wealthier someone becomes, the more likely they are to lose the drive and hunger that made them successful in the first place (1h46m1s).

Carrot vs. Stick, Identity, Tool: Verb States & Energy (1h46m7s)

• The concept of "carrot and stick" is used to describe the forces that drive people's actions, with the carrot representing the reward or enticing thing and the stick representing the punishment or negative consequence (1h46m30s).
• At different stages of one's career, various carrots and sticks can be at play, influencing an individual's behavior and decision-making (1h46m55s).
• Understanding these forces can be beneficial, as it allows individuals to recognize what drives them and make more informed choices (1h47m42s).
• It's essential to consider whether one is working to fulfill expectations or obligations, and to identify the sources of these pressures, such as family, public opinion, or financial concerns (1h47m53s).
• A person's identity can play a significant role in shaping their motivations and actions, and it's crucial to recognize how one's identity is tied to their profession, status, or other aspects of their life (1h48m27s).
• The idea of "keeping your identity small," as suggested by Paul Graham, can be helpful in maintaining a sense of freedom and flexibility, as it allows individuals to separate their self-worth from their profession or status (1h48m40s).
• When one's identity is closely tied to a particular role or profession, it can be challenging to give it up, even in retirement, as seen in the example of the speaker's father, who struggled with his identity as a doctor after retiring (1h49m3s).
• When people's identities are heavily tied to their professional success or wealth, it can become a liability and control their lives, making money a tool that uses them instead of the other way around (1h49m47s).
• This can lead to unhappiness, as people become unable to give up their professional titles or wealth, even if it's no longer serving them (1h49m41s).
• One way to avoid this is to focus on the verb state of being, rather than titles or concepts of who you were before, and be present in the moment (1h50m57s).
• Rick Rubin, a close friend, emphasizes the importance of discarding titles and concepts and being in a state of creativity and productivity, focusing on the process rather than the outcome (1h50m59s).
• Rubin also suggests removing the concept of an audience and instead creating offerings as if they were for a higher power, allowing for true exploration of curiosity and creativity (1h51m16s).
• By focusing on the verb state and the energy that drives pursuits, rather than the profession or title, people can tap into self-rewarding feelings of delight and friction, and ultimately gain greater happiness (1h52m6s).
• Identifying the verb state of being can also lead to the greatest resources, including financial resources, as it allows people to pursue their passions and interests without being tied to a specific title or profession (1h52m23s).
• Embracing a mindset of constant exploration and curiosity, and being open to change and new pursuits, can lead to a more fulfilling life (1h51m55s).
• Pursuing something unique to oneself is key to happiness, and this uniqueness can change over time, as seen in the examples of successful individuals like Warren Buffett who have found their passion and continued to pursue it throughout their lives (1h52m27s).
• Writing for an audience of one, meaning oneself, allows for the best work to be produced, as it eliminates the need to pander to others and instead focuses on personal interests and enjoyment (1h53m5s).
• This concept can be applied to various careers, where doing one's best work is often a result of having the independence and autonomy to create for oneself, rather than trying to meet external metrics or goals (1h53m59s).
• Brian Chesky, the founder of Airbnb, also emphasizes the importance of creating something that one loves, rather than trying to appeal to a large audience, as this leads to more meaningful and enjoyable work (1h54m5s).
• While it may be challenging for some careers to adopt this approach, due to the need to follow company metrics and policies, it is ultimately unavoidable that one's best work is produced when it is done for personal fulfillment rather than external validation (1h54m30s).
• The concept of being a "lifer" has evolved to mean pursuing things that are meaningful in the moment, rather than being tied to a specific profession or identity, as individuals' interests and passions can change over time (1h54m41s).
• Despite changes in professions or interests, one's fundamental identity remains relatively unchanged, and it is the pursuit of meaningful activities that drives personal growth and fulfillment (1h55m11s).
• The desire for growth and adaptation can lead to a change in career or activities over time, as doing the same thing for an extended period can become monotonous, even for someone like Warren Buffett who has been doing the same thing for 80 years and still enjoys it (1h55m24s).
• When something becomes core to one's identity, it can be challenging to release and let go, even when it's no longer enjoyable, as people tend to feel attached to it and feel the need to continue doing it (1h55m40s).
• The example of Michael Jordan playing baseball, despite not being as successful as he was in basketball, showcases his inherently competitive and high-performance nature, which drives him to continue doing something new and challenging (1h55m59s).
• Even highly successful individuals, such as the founder of Amazon, may start new ventures or pursue new passions in their retirement, as they may get bored with their previous accomplishments and need to do something else to stay engaged and motivated (1h56m22s).

Envy & Spending Money; Wealth & Birth Rates (1h56m43s)

• The upcoming book "The Art of Spending Money" focuses on the psychology of spending, rather than providing a formula or concrete advice, as spending money is subjective and varies from person to person (1h57m3s).
• The book explores the psychology of envy, keeping up with the Joneses, social aspiration, identity, managing money and kids, jealousy, and the desire for attention, without offering firm advice (1h57m31s).
• The author emphasizes that they cannot tell readers what to do because they do not know them, and what is right for one person may not be right for another (1h57m55s).
• The book aims to help readers understand the psychological pitfalls and challenges of spending money, and how to navigate these challenges (1h58m5s).
• The concept of self-seduction is discussed, where people compare themselves to others and are influenced by social media, leading to feelings of inadequacy and regret (1h58m25s).
• Evolution is mentioned as a factor in human behavior, where the goal is to reproduce and grow, rather than to be happy, and this can lead to people prioritizing resource accumulation over happiness (1h59m3s).
• The decline in birth rates is discussed, with possible reasons including people feeling the need to use more of their earnings for themselves or finding it harder to establish relationships (1h59m36s).
• In societies around the world, as people become wealthier, they tend to have fewer children because their expectations for those children increase (1h59m57s).
• In poorer societies or economies, people often have more children because they expect them to become farmers, which requires fewer resources, whereas in today's economy, expectations are higher, and people want their children to become highly educated professionals, requiring more resources (2h0m26s).
• As a result, people feel they can only provide the necessary resources for one or two children, which would have been three or four children a couple of generations ago, and 10 children a few generations before that (2h0m55s).
• Historically, people had many children because infant mortality rates were high, and they needed many children to ensure they had enough teenagers to help with work, but with the collapse of infant mortality rates, this is no longer necessary (2h1m16s).
• The increased expectations for children's education and career prospects lead parents to invest more in their children's growth and development, including providing tutors, after-school activities, private schools, and college education (2h0m42s).
• The high expectations for children's futures also lead parents to feel pressure to provide a high level of resources, which can be costly and may limit the number of children they choose to have (2h0m51s).

Tools: Parent Modeling; Resentment, Individual Goals (2h1m27s)

• It's essential to teach children about money from a young age, but it's never too late to learn, and kids are incredibly good at learning, especially when it comes to observing their parents' behavior and attitudes towards money (2h1m28s).
• Children don't need to be sat down and explicitly taught about money; they're paying attention to their parents' conversations and actions, and they're building a mental model of what they learn (2h1m46s).
• By the time they're teenagers, kids know a lot about money, and some of the things they learn may be good, while others may be bad (2h2m24s).
• The best way to teach children about money is to lead by example, as teenagers have a strong propensity to rebel against explicit instructions (2h2m32s).
• Trying to teach children about money by sitting them down and telling them what to do can backfire, and it's better to let them learn from observing their parents' behavior (2h2m55s).
• Many people, including moderately wealthy individuals, struggle with how to teach their kids about money without spoiling them, and how to use their money to help their kids without creating a sense of entitlement (2h3m4s).
• Withholding resources from children in an attempt to teach them grit and independence can often have the opposite effect, teaching them to resent their parents instead (2h3m31s).
• A story about Chris Davis's grandfather, Shelby Davis, illustrates how an attempt to teach a child a lesson about hard work and independence can be misinterpreted, and the child may learn to resent their parent instead (2h3m47s).
• Wealthy parents who live a luxurious lifestyle while telling their kids to be frugal can inadvertently teach their kids that they are inferior, leading to psychological issues, as the kids may feel they can never measure up to their parents' success (2h4m19s).
• Every parent with more than one kid will understand that each child is unique, with different personalities, goals, and aspirations, making it challenging to teach them a one-size-fits-all approach to money and life (2h5m17s).
• Parents should let their kids figure out their own approach to money and life, rather than imposing their own values and goals, as what worked for the parents may not work for the kids, especially given the different era they are growing up in (2h5m55s).
• Kids tend to learn and integrate lessons based on their immediate emotions and experiences, rather than thinking about the larger lesson or long-term implications (2h6m38s).
• Leading by example, rather than humiliation or deprivation, is a more effective way to teach kids the value of hard work and other important life lessons, as it shows them that everyone is in it together and willing to make sacrifices (2h7m9s).
• It's essential for parents to recognize that they don't know what it's like to be their kids, especially given the different time and circumstances they are growing up in, and to be aware of this limitation when teaching them about money and life (2h6m6s).

Purpose, Happiness & Money (2h7m15s)

• A physicist shared with a young child that he feels like it's his birthday every day because of the possibility of discovery in his work, which internalized a lesson about the importance of enjoying one's work (2h7m47s).
• The concept of focusing on the verb states that motivate people, rather than the rewards, is a key theme in understanding the psychology of money and happiness (2h8m30s).
• Rick Rubin's approach to bringing out the best creative elements in people is about tapping into these verb states, rather than focusing on external rewards (2h8m44s).
• It's challenging to avoid comparing oneself to others and feeling inadequate, but recognizing the importance of intrinsic motivation can help (2h9m8s).
• Most parents want their children to be happy, but often prioritize wealth and success, which can be a reflection of their own regrets about chasing money over happiness (2h9m28s).
• There is a stark difference between using money as a tool to increase happiness and pursuing wealth at the expense of happiness (2h10m15s).
• Many people use money as a yardstick to compare themselves against others, rather than to achieve happiness, freedom, or independence, which is a concept that needs to be changed in order to get the most satisfaction from one's work and resources (2h10m19s).
• To achieve this change, one needs to think about money differently and understand themselves, their family, goals, and aspirations, realizing that these things will change and adapt over time (2h10m51s).
• A lot of financial damage is done when people have a financial plan that is right for another person but wrong for them, which is why it's essential to have a plan that fits one's personality (2h11m16s).
• To do better with money, one needs to spend time thinking about who they are, their family, goals, and aspirations, and how to use money as a tool to become happier and live a better life (2h11m34s).
• The purpose of money should be to become happier and live a better life, rather than just to measure oneself against others (2h11m58s).
• Morgan's work provides a unique perspective on money and its relationship with happiness, and his book offers a benevolent approach to helping people develop a symbiotic relationship with money (2h12m20s).
• Morgan's approach is focused on helping people live more meaningful lives, rather than just telling them how to make money or what to do with it (2h12m46s).

Zero-Cost Support, YouTube, Spotify & Apple Follow & Reviews, Sponsors, YouTube Feedback, Protocols Book, Social Media, Neural Network Newsletter (2h13m5s)

• To learn more about Morgan Housel's work and find links to his books, "The Psychology of Money" and "The Same as Ever", please see the links in the show notes (2h13m5s).
• Subscribing to the YouTube channel is a zero-cost way to support the podcast, and following the podcast on Spotify and Apple is also appreciated (2h13m20s).
• Leaving a five-star review on Spotify and Apple is another way to support the podcast (2h13m28s).
• Checking out the sponsors mentioned at the beginning and throughout the episode is the best way to support the podcast (2h13m33s).
• Questions or comments about the podcast, guests, or topics can be left in the comment section on YouTube (2h13m42s).
• A new book titled "Protocols: An Operating Manual for the Human Body" is now available for pre-sale at protocolsbook.com, covering protocols for sleep, exercise, stress control, focus, and motivation (2h13m48s).
• The book is based on over 30 years of research and experience and provides scientific substantiation for the included protocols (2h13m56s).
• Links to various vendors can be found at protocolsbook.com, allowing readers to choose their preferred vendor (2h14m15s).
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• The Neural Network Newsletter is a zero-cost monthly newsletter that includes podcast summaries and protocols in the form of brief PDFs, covering topics such as deliberate heat exposure, deliberate cold exposure, and foundational fitness (2h14m52s).
• The newsletter is available by providing an email address at hubermanlab.com, and the email address will not be shared with anyone (2h15m14s).